From NuGOwiki
The NuGOwiki Metabolite Database is a joint initiative of NuGO and HMDB
| Taxonomy Navigation Box; search by |
|
All Metabolites | Biochemical | Nutritional | Functional | Metabolic Pathways | Diseases | Phenotypes | Physiological Processes | Protein |
| Zinc | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | ||||||
| Chemical Name | zinc | |||||
| Chemical Formula | Zn | |||||
| CAS Number | 7440-66-6 | |||||
| Chemical Information | HMDB01303 | |||||
| Biochemical Taxonomy |
| |||||
| Functional Taxonomy |
| |||||
| Nutritional Taxonomy |
| |||||
| Metabolic Pathways | Not Available | |||||
| Biofluid Location |
| |||||
| Tissue Location |
| |||||
| Normal Biofluid Concentrations |
| |||||
| Normal Tissue Concentrations | Not Available | |||||
| Diseases / Conditions Related to Nutrition |
| |||||
| Other (Monogenic Disorders) | Not Available | |||||
| Abnormal Biofluid Concentrations |
| |||||
| Abnormal Tissue Concentrations | Not Available | |||||
| Physiological Processes | Not Available | |||||
| Authors: | |
| Affiliations: |
Contents |
Introduction
guidelines
Zinc is an essential element, necessary for sustaining all life. It is estimated that 3000 of the hundreds of thousands of proteins in the human body contain zinc prosthetic groups. In addition, there are over a dozen types of cells in the human body that secrete zinc ions, and the roles of these secreted zinc signals in medicine and health are now being actively studied. Intriguingly, brain cells in the mammalian forebrain are one type of cell that secretes zinc, along with its other neuronal messenger substances. Cells in the salivary gland, prostate, immune system and intestine are other types that secrete zinc. Obtaining a sufficient zinc intake during pregnancy and in young children is a problem, especially among those who cannot afford a good and varied diet. Brain development is stunted by zinc deficiency in utero and in youth. Zinc is an activator of certain enzymes, such as carbonic anhydrase. Carbonic anhydrase is important in the transport of carbon dioxide in vertebrate blood. Even though zinc is an essential requirement for a healthy body, too much zinc can be harmful. Excessive absorption of zinc can also suppress copper and iron absorption. The free zinc ion in solution is highly toxic to plants, invertebrates, and even vertebrate fish. The Free Ion Activity Model (FIAM) is well-established in the literature, and shows that just micromolar amounts of the free ion kills some organisms.
Biological Function
guidelines
Essential component of large number of enzymes
Stabilizes molecular structure of cellular components and membranes, contributes to maintenance of cell and organ integrity. Essential role in polynucleotide transcription
Central role in immune system
Catabolism
Diseases / Conditions Related to Nutrition
- Alzheimer's Disease
- Chronic renal failure
- Multiple Sclerosis
Other (Monogenic) Disorders
Nutritional Information
ADME
Absorption is concentration dependent, in small intestine.
Indicator of adequacy
Status marker(s)
Sensitive indexes for assessing zinc status are unknown at present. Zinc concentration in plasma, blood cells, and hair, and urinary zinc excretion are decreased in severe zinc deficiency. Other conditions affect all these indexes. Functional indexes have been suggested (wound healing, taste acuity, visual adaptation to dark), but are not specific to zinc.
Requirement (EAR) based on
Factorial technique: totaling requirements for tissue growth, maintenance, metabolism and endogenous losses. Obligatory loss during the early phase of zinc depletion before adaptive reductions in excretion take place. Taking into account the nature of the diet (inhibitors and promoters of zinc absorption) No data on interindividual variations in obligatory losses at different intakes Assumption: variations in zinc requirements in same order as variations in protein requirements (CV 12.5%), plus variation in absorptive efficiency: 25% assumed
Underlying studies
Factors affecting requirement (relation intake - status)
Bioavailability affected by many factors: Nutrient-nutrient interactions with iron, calcium, phosphorus, copper, folate, protein. Binding by phytate and picolinic acid. Variations in zinc absorption from a defined meal or diet are of the order of 20-40% and seem to be largely independent of age, sex or diet characteristics
Factors affecting requirement (relation status - health)
Pregnancy, lactation Growth
(potential) indicators of health
Changes in immune response Wound healing Both low specificity
Markers of homeostasis and / or health
| Category | Markers | sign yes/no/? | I/D | S/I | ref | score |
| inflammation, immune response | CRP / hsCRP | ? | ? | I | 1 | ? |
| fibrinogen | No | I | 2 | ? | ||
| Plasma Albumin | No | I | 1,2 | ? | ||
| White blood cell count | ||||||
| TNF-alpha | No | I | 4 | ? | ||
| ex vivo TNF-alpha induced NFkB | Yes | I | I | 4,12 | ? | |
| LPS induced TNF-alpha | Yes | I | I | 12 | ? | |
| Il-6 | Yes & No | D | S & I | 1,8 | ? | |
| Il1-beta | No | I | 4 | ? | ||
| ex vivo Il1-beta | No | I | 4 | ? | ||
| Il1-beta mRNA | Yes | I | I | 12 | ? | |
| Il2 mRNA | Yes | D | I | 4 | ? | |
| Interferon (IFN) gamma | ? | ? | I | 4 | ? | |
| Il4 | ? | ? | I | 4 | ? | |
| Il-10 | No | I | 4 | ? | ||
| ex vivo Il-10 | No | I | 4 | ? | ||
| Prostaglandin F2alpha | ||||||
| Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) | ||||||
| Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) | ||||||
| Thromboxane B2 | ||||||
| Nitric Oxide (NO) | No | I | 4 | ? | ||
| Serum Amyloid A (SAA) | ||||||
| NfkB | ||||||
| alpha1-antichymotrypsin | ||||||
| NK cell lytic activity | Yes | D | I | 1 | ? | |
| oxidative stress | 8(OH)-DG | Yes | I | I | 4,12 | ? |
| F2-isoprostanes | Yes | I | S | 3 | ? | |
| 8-iso-prostaglandin F2alpha | ||||||
| oxidized LDL | No | I | 22 | ? | ||
| in vitro Cu-induced LDL oxidation | No | I | 5 | ? | ||
| SOD | Yes | I | S & I | 16,25 | ? | |
| CuZn - SOD | Yes | I | I | 25 | ? | |
| TBARS | Yes | I | S | 16 | ? | |
| myeloperoxidase | ||||||
| nitrotyrosine | ||||||
| Malone dialdehyde (MDA) + 4-hydroxyalkenals (HAE) | Yes | I | I | 4,12 | ? | |
| glutathione | ? | ? | S | 16 | ? | |
| glutathione peroxidase | ? | ? | S | 16 | ? | |
| Metabolic stress | diastolic BP | Yes | D | S | 18,23 | ? |
| systolic BP | ||||||
| serum total cholesterol | Yes & No | D | S & I | 15,21,24 | ? | |
| plasma total cholesterol | No | I | 22,25,27 | ? | ||
| LDL | Yes & No | D & I | S & I | 15,21,22,24,25,27 | 3 | |
| VLDL | 24 | ? | ||||
| HDL | Yes & No | D & I | S & I | 15,21,22,26,27,28,29 | 3 | |
| HDL2 | Yes | D | I | 25 | ? | |
| HDL3 | Yes | I | I | 25 | ? | |
| HDL/TC | ||||||
| triglycerides | Yes & No | D | S & I | 15,21,22,24,27 | 4 | |
| HbA 1c | ||||||
| homocysteine | Yes & No | D | I | 17,20 | ? | |
| tPA/PAI-1 | ||||||
| Fibrin fragment D-dimer | ||||||
| Factor VIIa | ||||||
| sICAM | ||||||
| Monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP1) | Yes | I | I | 1 | ? | |
| fasting glucose | ||||||
| fasting insulin | Yes | I | I | 7 | ? | |
| OGTT | ||||||
| insulin tolerance test | ||||||
| insulin resistance | Yes | I | I | 7 | ? | |
| insulin sensitivity | No | I | 6 | ? | ||
| serum insulin-like growth factor IGF-1 | Yes & No | D | S & I | 10,11,14,19 | 4 | |
| fructosamine | ||||||
| plasma IGF-1 | Yes | D | S | 13 | ? | |
| IGF-1:plasma IGF binding protein-3 ratio | Yes | D | S | 13 | ? | |
| IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) | Yes | D | S | 11 | ? | |
| serum IGFBP-1 | Yes | D | S | 14 | ? | |
| leptin | Yes & No | D | S & I | 6,7 | ? | |
| adrogens | No | I | 6 | ? | ||
| ferroxidase activity of serum caeruloplasmin | Yes | I | I | 25 | ? | |
| bone turnover | deoxypyridinoline (Dpyr) | Yes | I | S | 9 | ? |
| Serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase | No | S | 9 | ? | ||
| osteocalcin | No | S | 9 | ? | ||
| urinary pyridinoline (Pyr) | Yes | I | S | 9 | ? | |
| Others | Hb levels | No | I | 19 | ? | |
| erythrocyte | No | I | 7 | ? | ||
| RBC | No | I | 19 | ? |
- Exp Gerontol. 2008 May;43(5):462-71. Epub 2007 Dec 14.Effect of zinc supplementation on plasma IL-6 and MCP-1 production and NK cell function in healthy elderly: interactive influence of +647 MT1a and -174 IL-6 polymorphic alleles.Mariani E, Neri S, Cattini L, Mocchegiani E, Malavolta M, Dedoussis GV, Kanoni S, Rink L, Jajte J, Facchini A.
- Nutrition. 2008 Feb;24(2):155-61.Effect of zinc supplementation on protein metabolism in late-middle-aged men: The Zenith study. Papet I, Meunier N, Béchereau F, Glomot F, Obled C, Coudray C.
- J Nutr. 2007 Nov;137(11):2412-9.Dietary fat subgroups, zinc, and vegetable components are related to urine F2a-isoprostane concentration, a measure of oxidative stress, in midlife women.Tomey KM, Sowers MR, Li X, McConnell DS, Crawford S, Gold EB, Lasley B, Randolph JF Jr.
- Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Mar;85(3):837-44.Zinc supplementation decreases incidence of infections in the elderly: effect of zinc on generation of cytokines and oxidative stress.Prasad AS, Beck FW, Bao B, Fitzgerald JT, Snell DC, Steinberg JD, Cardozo LJ.
- Br J Nutr. 2006 Jun;95(6):1134-42.Effect of zinc supplementation on in vitro copper-induced oxidation oflow-density lipoproteins in healthy French subjects aged 55-70 years: the Zenith Study.Feillet-Coudray C, Meunier N, Bayle D, Brandolini-Bunlon M, Andriollo-Sanchez M, O'Connor JM, Maiani G, Roussel AM, Mazur A, Coudray C.
- Rev Med Chil. 2006 Mar;134(3):279-84. Epub 2006 May 2.[Effect of oral zinc administration on insulin sensitivity, leptin and androgens in obese males][Article in Spanish]Gómez-García A, Hernández-Salazar E, González-Ortiz M, Martínez-Abundis E.
- Biol Trace Elem Res. 2006 Aug;112(2):109-18.Effect of zinc supplementation on serum leptin levels and insulin resistance of obese women.Marreiro DN, Geloneze B, Tambascia MA, Lerário AC, Halpern A, Cozzolino SM.
- Am J Epidemiol. 2006 Jan 1;163(1):18-26. Epub 2005 Nov 23.Serum antioxidants, inflammation, and total mortality in older women.Walston J, Xue Q, Semba RD, Ferrucci L, Cappola AR, Ricks M, Guralnik J, Fried LP.
- Eur J Clin Nutr. 2005 Nov;59 Suppl 2:S73-8.The relationship between the zinc nutritive status and biochemical markers of bone turnover in older European adults: the ZENITH study.Hill T, Meunier N, Andriollo-Sanchez M, Ciarapica D, Hininger-Favier I, Polito A,O'Connor JM, Coudray C, Cashman KD.
- Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 May;81(5):1163-7.Association of diet with serum insulin-like growth factor I in middle-aged and elderly men.Larsson SC, Wolk K, Brismar K, Wolk A.
- Eur J Nutr. 2005 Mar;44(2):105-13. Epub 2004 Apr 22.The relation between nutritional factors and insulin-like growth factor-I in premenopausal women of different ethnicity.Maskarinec G, Takata Y, Kaaks R.
- Free Radic Biol Med. 2004 Oct 15;37(8):1182-90.Antioxidant effect of zinc in humans.Prasad AS, Bao B, Beck FW, Kucuk O, Sarkar FH.
- Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2003 Feb;12(2):84-9.Nutritional predictors of insulin-like growth factor I and their relationships to cancer in men. Giovannucci E, Pollak M, Liu Y, Platz EA, Majeed N, Rimm EB, Willett WC.
- Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2002 Nov;11(11):1441-8.The associations of diet with serum insulin-like growth factor I and its mainbinding proteins in 292 women meat-eaters, vegetarians, and vegans.Allen NE, Appleby PN, Davey GK, Kaaks R, Rinaldi S, Key TJ.
- Biol Trace Elem Res. 2001 Jan;79(1):1-13.The relationship between zinc and copper status and lipid levels in African-Americans.Neggers YH, Bindon JR, Dressler WW.
- Eur J Clin Nutr. 2001 Jan;55(1):29-38.Seasonal variations of antioxidant imbalance in Cuban healthy men.Arnaud J, Fleites P, Chassagne M, Verdura T, Barnouin J, Richard MJ, Chacornac JP, Garcia IG, Perez-Cristia R, Favier AE; SECUBA group. Seguridad Alimentaria y Buena Alimentacion in Cuba
- Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000 Oct;183(4):805-9.Second-trimester plasma homocysteine levels and pregnancy-induced hypertension, preeclampsia, and intrauterine growth restriction.Hogg BB, Tamura T, Johnston KE, Dubard MB, Goldenberg RL.
- Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2000 May-Aug;13(2):91-97.The influence of menopause and habitual smoking upon serum zinc, serum copper and the cardiovascular and immune parameters of women.Di Gioacchino M, Forcucci R, Tiboni GM, Kouri S, Di Gioacchino F, Boscolo P.
- J Am Coll Nutr. 1999 Jun;18(3):261-7.Zinc and IGF-I concentrations in pregnant women with anemia before and after supplementation with iron
- and/or zinc.Nishiyama S, Kiwaki K, Miyazaki Y, Hasuda T.
- Eur J Clin Nutr. 1997 Oct;51(10):691-7.Plasma total homocysteine in a representative sample of 972 British men and women aged 65 and over.Bates CJ, Mansoor MA, van der Pols J, Prentice A, Cole TJ, Finch S.Ann Epidemiol. 1995 Nov;5(6):490-6.
- Ann Epidemiol.1995 Nov; 5(6);490-6. Serum zinc and serum lipid profiles in 778 adults.Hiller R, Seigel D, Sperduto RD, Blair N, Burton TC, Farber MD, Gragoudas ES,Gunter EW, Haller J, Seddon JM, et al.
- Free Radic Biol Med. 1995 Oct;19(4):517-21.The effect of zinc supplementation on plasma lipids and low-density lipoprotein oxidation in males. Gatto LM, Samman S.
- Biol Trace Elem Res. 1995 Aug-Sep;49(2-3):97-106.Zinc, copper, and zinc- or copper-dependent enzymes in human hypertension.Vivoli G, Bergomi M, Rovesti S, Pinotti M, Caselgrandi E.
- Am J Clin Nutr. 1988 Jun;47(6):970-5.Zinc supplements and serum lipids in young adult white males.Black MR, Medeiros DM, Brunett E, Welke R.
- Atherosclerosis. 1988 Apr;70(3):247-52.The effect of zinc supplements on lipoproteins and copper status.Samman S, Roberts DC.
- Metabolism. 1985 Jun;34(6):519-23.Relationship between zinc intake, physical activity, and blood levels ofhigh-density lipoprotein cholesterol in a healthy elderly population.Goodwin JS, Hunt WC, Hooper P, Garry PJ.
Determinants of requirements
| Category | Determinants of status | sign yes/no/? help | independent of intake yes/no/? |
| general | gender (!) | Yes | Yes |
| age (adults) | ? | ||
| age (children) | Yes | Yes | |
| ethnicity | |||
| physiological status | polymorphisms | ||
| pregnancy | Yes | Yes | |
| lactation | Yes | Yes | |
| menopause | Yes | Yes | |
| physical fitness | |||
| gut flora | |||
| anthropometric variables | body weight (!!) | Yes | ? |
| BMI | Yes | ? | |
| waist circumference | Yes | ? | |
| fat free mass | |||
| Lifestyle variables | smoking | Yes | Yes |
| physical activity | Yes | No | |
| alcohol use | Yes | Yes | |
| medication use (incl. contraceptive pill) | Yes | Yes | |
| stress |
(!) differences in nonintestinal excretion - does not depend on intake; no difference in intestinal excretion - depends on intake
(!!) rather body size or height - or lenghth-for-age