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The NuGOwiki Metabolite Database is a joint initiative of NuGO and HMDB
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| Selenium | ||||||
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| Chemical Name | selenium | |||||
| Chemical Formula | Se | |||||
| CAS Number | 7782-49-2 | |||||
| Chemical Information | HMDB01349 | |||||
| Biochemical Taxonomy |
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| Functional Taxonomy |
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| Nutritional Taxonomy |
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| Metabolic Pathways | Not Available | |||||
| Biofluid Location |
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| Tissue Location |
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| Normal Biofluid Concentrations |
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| Normal Tissue Concentrations | Not Available | |||||
| Diseases / Conditions Related to Nutrition |
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| Other (Monogenic Disorders) |
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| Abnormal Biofluid Concentrations |
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| Abnormal Tissue Concentrations | Not Available | |||||
| Physiological Processes | Not Available | |||||
| Authors: | |
| Affiliations: |
Contents |
Introduction
guidelines
Selenium-dependent enzymes and selenoprotein P regulate immune and endothelial cell function. (PMID: 16607122)
Thyroid hormone synthesis, metabolism and action require adequate availability of the essential trace elements iodine and selenium, which affect homeostasis of thyroid hormone-dependent metabolic pathways. The three selenocysteine-containing iodothyronine deiodinases constitute a novel gene family. Selenium is retained and deiodinase expression is maintained at almost normal levels in the thyroid gland, the brain and several other endocrine tissues during selenium deficiency, thus guaranteeing adequate local and systemic levels of the active thyroid hormone T(3). (PMID: 16131327)
The trace element nutrient selenium (Se) discharges its well-known nutritional antioxidant activity through the Se-dependent glutathione peroxidases. It also regulates nuclear factor activities by redox mechanisms through the selenoprotein thioredoxin reductases. Converging data from epidemiological, ecological, and clinical studies have shown that Se can decrease the risk for some types of human cancers, especially those of the prostate, lung, and colon. Mechanistic studies have indicated that the methylselenol metabolite pool has many desirable attributes of chemoprevention, targeting both cancer cells and vascular endothelial cells, whereas the hydrogen selenide pool in excess of selenoprotein synthesis can lead to DNA single strand breaks, which may be mediated by some reactive oxygen species. (PMID: 16356132)
SePP (selenoprotein P) is the major transporter of Se in the serum. Moreover, in the sanctuary area of the brain, SePP was shown to play a hitherto unexpected role as a local Se storage and recycling protein that directly maintains brain Se levels. The function of Se is important in normal brain metabolism, redox regulation, antioxidant defenses, thyroid hormone metabolism and the development of neurodegenerative conditions. (PMID: 15720294)
In areas where soils are low in bioavailable selenium (Se), potential Se deficiencies cause health risks for humans. (PMID: 16028492) Dietary selenium comes from cereals, meat, fish, and eggs. The recommended dietary allowance for adults is 55 micrograms per day.
Biological Function
Catabolism
Diseases / Conditions Related to Nutrition
- Poor muscle strength
Other (Monogenic) Disorders
- Friedreich ataxia 1 OMIM: 229300
Nutritional Information
Markers of homeostasis and / or health
| Category | Markers | sign yes/no/? | I/D | S/I | ref | score |
| inflammation, immune response | CRP / hsCRP | N & Y | I | S & I | 10,14,16 | 3 |
| fibrinogen | ||||||
| Albumin | Y | D | S | 13 | 2 | |
| White blood cell count | Y | I & D | I & S | 12,13 | 1 | |
| TNF-alpha | ||||||
| Il-6 | Y | I | S | 10,11 | 2 | |
| Il1-beta | ||||||
| Il-10 | ||||||
| Prostaglandin F2alpha | Y | I | S | 10 | 2 | |
| Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) | ||||||
| Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) | ||||||
| Thromboxane B2 | ||||||
| Nitric Oxide (NO) | ||||||
| Serum Amyloid A (SAA) | N | S | 10 | 2 | ||
| NfkB | ||||||
| alpha1-antichymotrypsin | Y | S | 13 | 2 | ||
| oxidative stress | 8(OH)-DG | |||||
| F2-isoprostanes | ||||||
| 8-iso-prostaglandin F2alpha | Y | I | S | 10 | 2 | |
| oxidized LDL | ||||||
| SOD | ||||||
| TBARS | Y | I | S & I | 7 | 2 | |
| myeloperoxidase | ||||||
| nitrotyrosine | ||||||
| Metabolic stress | diastolic BP | N & Y | D | S | 4,5,13 | 3 |
| systolic BP | N & Y | D & I | S | 4,5,13,15 | 2 | |
| total cholesterol | N & Y | D & I | S | 4,5,8,13,16 | 2 | |
| LDL | N & Y | I | I & S | 4,8,16 | 3 | |
| HDL | N & Y | D | I & S | 4,5,6,8,13 | 3 | |
| HDL/TC | Y | D | S | 6 | 2 | |
| triglycerides | N | I & S | 5,8 | 3 | ||
| homocysteine | Y & N | I | I & S | 2,3,13 | 2 | |
| tPA/PAI-1 | ||||||
| Fibrin fragment D-dimer | ||||||
| Factor VIIa | ||||||
| sICAM | ||||||
| Monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP1) | ||||||
| fasting glucose | Y | D | S | 1 | 2 | |
| fasting insulin | ||||||
| OGTT | ||||||
| insulin tolerance test | ||||||
| HbA1c | ||||||
| fructosamine |
- Bleys J, Navas-Acien A, Guallar E. Serum selenium and diabetes in U.S. adults. Diabetes Care 2007;30:829-34.
- González S, Huerta JM, Alvarez-Uría J et al. Serum selenium is associated with plasma homocysteine concentrations in elderly humans. J Nutr 2004;134:1736-40.
- Venn BJ, Grant AM, Thomson CD, Green TJ. Selenium supplements do not increase plasma total homocysteine concentrations in men and women. J Nutr 2003;133:418-20.
- Bukkens SG, de Vos N, Kok FJ et al. Selenium status and cardiovascular risk factors in healthy Dutch subjects. J Am Coll Nutr 1990;9:128-35.
- Jossa F, Trevisan M, Krogh V et al. Serum selenium and coronary heart disease risk factors in southern Italian men. Atherosclerosis 1991;87:129-34.
- Luoma PV, Sotaniemi EA, Korpela H, Kumpulainen J. Serum selenium, glutathione peroxidase activity and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol- effect of selenium supplementation. Res Commun Pathol Pharmacol 1984;46:469-72.
- Meltzer HM, Folmer M, Wang S et al. Supplementary selenium influences the response to fatty acid-induced oxidative stress in humans. Biol Trace Elem Res 1997;60:51-68.
- Ravn-Haren G, Bügel S, Krath BN et al. A short-term intervention trial with selenate, selenium-enriched yeast and selenium-enriched milk: effects on oxidative defence regulation. Br J Nutr 2008;99:883-92.
- Van Dokkum W, Van der Torre HW, Schaafsma G et al. Supplementation with selenium-rich bread does not influence platelet aggregation in healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Nutr 1992;46:445-50.
- Helmersson J, Arnlöv J, Vessby B et al. Serum selenium predicts levels of F2-isoprostanes and prostaglandin F2alpha in a 27 year follow-up study of Swedish men. Free Radic Res 2005;39:763-70.
- Walston J, Xue Q, Semba RD et al. Serum antioxidants, inflammation, and total mortality in older women. Am J Epidemiol 2006;163:18-26.
- Wood SM, Beckham C, Yosioka A et al. Beta-carotene and selenium supplementation enhances immune response in aged humans. Integr Med 2000;2:85-92.
- Bates CJ, Thane CW, Prentice A, Delves HT. Selenium status and its correlates in a British national diet and nutrition survey: people aged 65 years and over. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2002;16:1-8.
- Scheurig AC, Thorand B, Fischer B et al. Association between the intake of vitamins and trace elements from supplements and C-reactive protein: results of the MONICA/KORA Augsburg study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2008;62:127-37.
- Salonen JT, Salonen R, Ihanainen M et al. Blood pressure, dietary fats, and antioxidants. Am J Clin Nutr 1988;48:1226-32.
- Molnar J, Garamvolgyi Z, Herold M, et al. Serum selenium concentrations correlate significantly with inflammatory biomarker high-sensitive CRP levels in Hungarian gestational diabetic and healthy pregnant women at mid-pregnancy. Biol Trace Elem Res 2008;121:16-22.
Determinants of requirements
| Category | Determinants of status | sign yes/no/? help | independent of intake yes/no/? |
| general | gender | Yes & No | ? |
| age (adults) | Yes | ? | |
| age (children) | Yes | ? | |
| ethnicity | Yes | ? | |
| physiological status | polymorphisms | Yes | ? |
| pregnancy | Yes | ? | |
| lactation | Yes | ? | |
| menopause | No | ? | |
| physical fitness | Yes | ? | |
| gut flora | ? | ? | |
| anthropometric variables | body weight | Yes & No | ? |
| BMI | No | ? | |
| waist circumference | No | ? | |
| fat free mass | ? | ? | |
| Lifestyle variables | smoking | Yes & No | ? |
| physical activity | ? | ? | |
| alcohol use | Yes & No | ? | |
| medication use (incl. contraceptive pill) | Yes | ? | |
| stress | ? | ? |
Other resources
Links
guidelines
- Vaquero MP - Magnesium and trace elements in the elderly: intake, status and recommendations.