Magnesium

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Magnesium
2D structure for Magnesium
Chemical Name magnesium(+2) cation
Chemical Formula Mg
CAS Number 7439-95-4
Chemical Information HMDB00547
Biochemical Taxonomy

  • Minerals and Elements

Functional Taxonomy

  • Coenzyme
  • Protein Component

Nutritional Taxonomy

  • Minerals

Metabolic Pathways Not Available
Biofluid Location

  • Blood
  • Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
  • Urine

Tissue Location

  • Erythrocyte
  • Hair
  • Kidney
  • Liver
  • Lymphocyte
  • Muscle
  • Platelet
  • Skeletal Muscle
  • Brain

Normal Biofluid Concentrations

  • Blood: 700.0 +/- 130.0 uM
  • Blood: 717 +/- 74.3 uM
  • Blood: 780.0 +/- 50.0 uM
  • Blood: 820.0 +/- 60.0 uM
  • Blood: 833.0 +/- 208.0 umol/L
  • Blood: 833.0 +/- 250.0 umol/L
  • Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 890.0 (550.0-1230.0) uM
  • Urine: 289.0 +/- 92.0 umol/mmol creatinine
  • Urine: 355.0 +/- 98.0 umol/mmol creatinine

Normal Tissue Concentrations Not Available
Diseases / Conditions Related to Nutrition

  • Alzheimer's Disease
  • Multiple Sclerosis

Other (Monogenic Disorders)

Abnormal Biofluid Concentrations

  • Blood (Alzheimer's Disease): 763 +/- 100 uM
  • Blood (Multiple Sclerosis): 1534 +/- 242 uM

Abnormal Tissue Concentrations Not Available
Physiological Processes Not Available
Authors:
Affiliations:


Contents

Introduction

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Magnesium salts are essential in nutrition, being required for the activity of many enzymes, especially those concerned with oxidative phosphorylation. It is a component of both intra- and extracellular fluids and is excreted in the urine and feces. Deficiency causes irritability of the nervous system with tetany, vasodilatation, convulsions, tremors, depression, and psychotic behavior. Magnesium ion in large amounts is an ionic laxative, and magnesium sulfate (Epsom salts) is sometimes used for this purpose. So-called "milk of magnesia" is a water suspension of one of the few insoluble magnesium compounds, magnesium hydroxide; the undissolved particles give rise to its appearance and name. Milk of magnesia is a mild base, and is commonly used as an antacid.

Magnesium salts are essential in nutrition, being required for the activity of many enzymes, especially those concerned with oxidative phosphorylation. It is a component of both intra- and extracellular fluids and is excreted in the urine and feces. Deficiency causes irritability of the nervous system with tetany, vasodilatation, convulsions, tremors, depression, and psychotic behavior. Magnesium ion in large amounts is an ionic laxative, and magnesium sulfate (Epsom salts) is sometimes used for this purpose. So-called "milk of magnesia" is a water suspension of one of the few insoluble magnesium compounds, magnesium hydroxide; the undissolved particles give rise to its appearance and name. Milk of magnesia is a mild base, and is commonly used as an antacid.

Biological Function

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Catabolism

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Diseases / Conditions Related to Nutrition

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  • Hypomagnesemia 2, renal; Homg2; Magnesium wasting, renal; Magnesium loss, isolated renal OMIM: 154020
  • OMIM: 241150
  • Hypomagnesemia, primary; Magnesium, defect in renal tubular transport of; Hypomagnesemia, isolated renal; Hypomagnesemia, familial, with hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis OMIM: 248250
  • OMIM: 248260
  • OMIM: 602014
  • Alzheimer's Disease
  • Multiple Sclerosis

Other (Monogenic) Disorders

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Nutritional Information

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Drivers for biological variation

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factors reported with increased concentrations metabolites

  • Acetaldehyde (1)
  • Calcitriol (4)
  • Acetate (1)
  • Calcium (2)
  • Phosphate (1)
  • Histamine (1)
  • Polymerized Hemoglobin-based Oxygen Carrier (1)
  • Acetylsalicylic Acid (1)
  • Acitretin (1)
  • Hydroflumethiazide (1)
  • 25-Hydroxy-Vitamin D (1)
  • Hyperaldosteronism (1)
  • Progesterone (1)
  • Copper IUD (1)

proteins

  • Hemoglobin-based Oxygen Carrier (HBOC)-201 (1)
  • D-GLUCOSE (1)
  • Insulin (1)
  • Alcoholism (2)
  • Aldosterone (1)
  • Alkaline Antacids (1)
  • Diabetic Acidosis (1) 
*	Serum (1)
  • Amiloride (1)
  • Lipemia (2)
  • Sex Difference (3)
  • Aminoglycosides (1)
  • Lithium (5)
  • Silicone (1)
  • Ammonia (1)
  • Essential Hypertension (1)
  • Lithium Heparin (1)
  • Ammonium Chloride (1)
  • Ethacrynic Acid (2)
  • Magnesium (1)
  • Specificity (1)
  • Amphotericin B (2)
  • Ethanol (1)
  • Magnesium Hydroxide (3)
  • Stability of Specimen (1)
  • Anidulafungin (1)
  • Exercise (4)
  • Magnesium Salts (1)
  • Storage of Blood (3)
  • Aspirin (1)
  • Felodipine (1)
  • Magnesium Sulfate (2)
  • Tacrolimus (2)
  • Azathioprine (1)
  • Fruit and Vegetable Diet (1)
  • Medroxyprogesterone (1)
  • Theophylline (2)
  • Bacterial Infection (1)
  • Furosemide (3)
  • Menopause (1)
  • Thiazides (1)
  • Bed Rest (1)
  • Gadodiamide (3)
  • Menstruation (1)
  • Torsemide (1)
  • Bicarbonate (1)
  • Gadoversetamide (1)
  • Mercaptomerin (1)
  • Triamterene (3)
  • Bilirubin (1)
  • Trichloracetic Acid (2)
  • Urea (1)
  • Metolazone (1)
  • Vegetarianism (2)
  • Cadmium (1)
  • Health (1)
  • Neonatal Severe Hyperparathyroidism (1)
  • Voriconazole (1)
  • Caffeine (6)
  • Hemodialysis (4)
  • Nephrotic Syndrome (1)
  • Zinc Heparin (1)
  • Calcitonin (1)
  • Hemoglobin (4)
  • Nifedipine (1)


factors reported with decreased concentrations metabolites

  • Acetazolamide (2)
  • Chronic Pyelonephritis (1)
  • Hydrochlorothiazide (1)
  • Pre-eclampsia (3)
  • Acetic Acid (1)
  • Chronic Renal Failure (1)
  • Hydroflumethiazide (1)
  • Prednisolone (3)
  • Acitretin (1)
  • Cirrhosis of Liver (3)
  • Hydronephrosis (1)
  • Pregnancy (8)
  • Acute Intermittent Porphyria (1)
  • Cisplatin (14)
  • Hyperaldosteronism (1)
  • Premenstrual Syndrome (4)
  • Acute Myocardial Infarction (1)
  • Citrate (6)
  • Hyperparathyroidism (4)
  • Protein Malnutrition (2)
  • Acute Pancreatitis (5)
  • Congestive Cardiac Failure (1)
  • Hyperthyroidism (1)
  • Race (1)
  • Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis (3)
  • Copper IUD (2) Hypomagnesemia (2)
  • Recumbency (1)
  • Acute Pyelonephritis (1)
  • Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery (2)
  • Hypoparathyroidism (3)
  • Regional Enteritis or Ileitis (1)
  • Adrenal Cortical Hyperfunction (Mineralocorticoid (2)
  • Critical Illness (1)
  • Insulin (2)
  • Renal Transplantation (2)
  • Albuterol (2)
  • Cyclosporine (2)
  • Insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus (6)
  • Rimeterol (1)
  • Alcohol Ingestion (2)
  • Cyclosporine A (8)
  • Interferon Alfa-2a (1)
  • Salicylate (1)
  • Alcohol Withdrawal (1)
  • Cystic Fibrosis (1)
  • Ischemic Heart Disease (1)
  • Sargramostim (1)
  • Alcoholism (10)
  • Daptomycin (1)
  • Laennec's or Alcoholic Cirrhosis (3)
  • Schizophrenia (3)
  • Aldesleukin (1)
  • Diabetes Mellitus (4)
  • Leprosy (1)
  • Sirolimus (1)
  • Alzheimer-Type Dementia (1)
  • Diatrizoate (1)
  • Levofloxacin (1)
  • Sodium Citrate (2)
  • Amiloride (1)
  • Digoxin (1)
  • Lipemia (2)
  • Sodium Fluoride (1)
  • Amphotericin B (3)
  • Diltiazem (1)
  • Lithium (1)
  • Sodium Sulfate (1)
  • Angiotensin (1)
  • Ditaurobilirubin (1)
  • Lymphocytic Leukemia (1)
  • Stability of Specimen (1)
  • Anidulafungin (1)
  • Doxorubicin (1)
  • Magnesium Deficiency (2)
  • Starvation (1)
  • Autosomal Dominant Hypocalcemia with Hypercalciuria (1)
  • Eclampsia (2)
  • Malabsorption (1)
  • Tacrolimus (4)
  • Azathioprine (4)
  • EDTA (7)
  • Meralluride (1)
  • Tetany (1)
  • Basiliximab (1)
  • Enteral Nutrition (1)
  • Mercurial Diuretics (1)
  • Theophylline (2)
  • Bendroflumethiazide (1)
  • Epilepsy (2)
  • Mercury Compounds (1)
  • Thiazides (1)
  • Bilirubin (3)
  • Ethacrynic Acid (1)
  • Metolazone (1)
  • Thiocyanate (1)
  • Body Mass Index (1)
  • Exercise (4)
  • Myelocytic Leukemia (2)
  • Thymol (1)
  • Bone Fracture (1)
  • Felbamate (1)
  • Neomycin (1)
  • Tobramycin (1)
  • Burns (2)
  • Foscarnet (2)
  • Neonatal Severe Hyperparathyroidism (1)
  • Toluene (1)
  • Calcitriol (2)
  • Furosemide (4)
  • Nephrotic Syndrome (1)
  • Trastuzumab (1)
  • Calcium Gluconate (2)
  • Gastroenteritis and Colitis (1)
  • Noninsulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus (1)
  • Trichlormethiazide (1)
  • Capecitabine (1)
  • Gentamicin (4)
  • Oral Contraceptives (4)
  • Triglycerides (1)
  • Carbenoxolone (1)
  • Gitelman's Syndrome (3)
  • Orthophosphate (1)
  • Tuberculous Meningitis (1)
  • Cefotaxime (1)
  • Glucagon (1)
  • Osteoporosis (1)
  • Ulcerative Colitis (1)
  • Celiac Disease (2)
  • Glucuronic Acid (2)
  • Oxalate (1)
  • Vegetarianism (1)
  • Chlorothiazide (1)
  • Growth Hormone (1)
  • Oxalate/Fluoride (2)
  • Viral Hepatitis (3)
  • Chlorthalidone (2)
  • Hair Treatments (1)
  • Pamidronate (1)
  • Whipple's Disease (1)
  • Chronic Active Hepatitis (2)
  • Haloperidol (1)
  • Parathyroid Extract (1)
  • Zalcitabine (1)
  • Chronic Alcoholism (4)
  • Hemoglobin-based Oxygen Carrier (HBOC)-201 (1)
  • Pentamidine (2)
  • Ziprasidone (1)
  • Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (1)
  • Hepatic Failure (1)
  • Phosphate (4)
  • Chronic Pancreatitis (2)
  • Hydrochloric Acid (1)
  • Physical Training (1)

Vulnerable groups

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Markers of homeostasis and / or health

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Category Markers sign yes/no/? I/D S/I ref score
inflammation, immune response CRP / hsCRP Info Info Info Info Info
fibrinogen Info Info Info Info Info
Albumin Info Info Info Info Info
White blood cell count Info Info Info Info Info
TNF-alpha Info Info Info Info Info
Il-6 Info Info Info Info Info
Il1-beta Info Info Info Info Info
Il-10 Info Info Info Info Info
Prostaglandin F2alpha Info Info Info Info Info
Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) Info Info Info Info Info
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) Info Info Info Info Info
Thromboxane B2 Info Info Info Info Info
Nitric Oxide (NO) Info Info Info Info Info
Serum Amyloid A (SAA) Info Info Info Info Info
NfkB Info Info Info Info Info
alpha1-antichymotrypsin Info Info Info Info Info
oxidative stress 8(OH)-DG Info Info Info Info Info
F2-isoprostanes Info Info Info Info Info
8-iso-prostaglandin F2alpha Info Info Info Info Info
oxidized LDL Info Info Info Info Info
SOD Info Info Info Info Info
TBARS Info Info Info Info Info
myeloperoxidase Info Info Info Info Info
nitrotyrosine Info Info Info Info Info
Metabolic stress diastolic BP Info Info Info Info Info
systolic BP Info Info Info Info Info
total cholesterol Info Info Info Info Info
LDL Info Info Info Info Info
HDL Info Info Info Info Info
HDL/TC Info Info Info Info Info
triglycerides Info Info Info Info Info
homocysteine Info Info Info Info Info
tPA/PAI-1 Info Info Info Info Info
Fibrin fragment D-dimer Info Info Info Info Info
Factor VIIa Info Info Info Info Info
sICAM Info Info Info Info Info
Monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP1) Info Info Info Info Info
fasting glucose Info Info Info Info Info
fasting insulin Info Info Info Info Info
OGTT Info Info Info Info Info
insulin tolerance test Info Info Info Info Info
HbA1c Info Info Info Info Info
fructosamine Info Info Info Info Info

Determinants of requirements

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Category Determinants of status sign yes/no/? help independent of intake yes/no/?
general gender Info Info
age (adults) Info Info
age (children) Info Info
ethnicity Info Info
physiological status polymorphisms Info Info
pregnancy Info Info
lactation Info Info
menopause Info Info
physical fitness Info Info
gut flora Info Info
anthropometric variables body weight Info Info
BMI Info Info
waist circumference Info Info
fat free mass Info Info
Lifestyle variables smoking Info Info
physical activity Info Info
alcohol use Info Info
medication use (incl. contraceptive pill) Info Info
stress Info Info

Other resources

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Links

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Retrieved from "http://www.nugowiki.org/index.php/Magnesium"