From NuGOwiki
The NuGOwiki Metabolite Database is a joint initiative of NuGO and HMDB
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All Metabolites | Biochemical | Nutritional | Functional | Metabolic Pathways | Diseases | Phenotypes | Physiological Processes | Protein |
| Nicotinic acid | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | ||||||
| Chemical Name | pyridine-3-carboxylic acid | |||||
| Chemical Formula | C6H5NO2 | |||||
| CAS Number | 59-67-6 | |||||
| Chemical Information | HMDB01488 | |||||
| Biochemical Taxonomy |
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| Functional Taxonomy | Not Available | |||||
| Nutritional Taxonomy | Not Available | |||||
| Metabolic Pathways |
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| Biofluid Location |
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| Tissue Location |
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| Normal Biofluid Concentrations |
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| Normal Tissue Concentrations | Not Available | |||||
| Diseases / Conditions Related to Nutrition |
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| Other (Monogenic Disorders) | Not Available | |||||
| Abnormal Biofluid Concentrations |
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| Abnormal Tissue Concentrations | Not Available | |||||
| Physiological Processes | Not Available | |||||
| Authors: | |
| Affiliations: |
Introduction
guidelines
Nicotinic acid, also known as niacin or vitamin B3, is a water-soluble vitamin whose derivatives such as NADH, NAD, NAD+, and NADP play essential roles in energy metabolism in the living cell and DNA repair. The designation vitamin B3 also includes the amide form, nicotinamide or niacinamide. Severe lack of niacin causes the deficiency disease pellagra, whereas a mild deficiency slows down the metabolism decreasing cold tolerance. The recommended daily allowance of niacin is 2-12 mg a day for children, 14 mg a day for women, 16 mg a day for men, and 18 mg a day for pregnant or breast-feeding women. It is found in various animal and plant tissues and has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. The liver can synthesize niacin from the essential amino acid tryptophan (see below), but the synthesis is extremely slow and requires vitamin B6; 60 mg of tryptophan are required to make one milligram of niacin. Bacteria in the gut may also perform the conversion but are inefficient.
Biological Function
Catabolism
Diseases / Conditions Related to Nutrition
- Alcoholism with peripheralneuropathy and mental changes
- Alcoholism with peripheralneuropathy only
Other (Monogenic) Disorders
Nutritional Information
Drivers for biological variation
Vulnerable groups
Markers of homeostasis and / or health
| Category | Markers | sign yes/no/? | I/D | S/I | ref | score |
| inflammation, immune response | CRP / hsCRP | ? | I | I | 7;10;12;14* | 1 |
| fibrinogen | ? | I | I | 7;9* | 1 | |
| Albumin | ||||||
| White blood cell count | ||||||
| TNF-alpha | Yes | I | S | 1* | 1 | |
| Il-6 | Yes | I | S | 1* | 1 | |
| Il1-beta | Yes | I | S | 1* | 1 | |
| Il-10 | ||||||
| Prostaglandin F2alpha | ||||||
| Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) | ||||||
| Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) | ||||||
| Thromboxane B2 | ||||||
| Nitric Oxide (NO) | ? | I | I | 12* | 1 | |
| Serum Amyloid A (SAA) | ||||||
| NfkB | ||||||
| alpha1-antichymotrypsin | ||||||
| oxidative stress | 8(OH)-DG | |||||
| F2-isoprostanes | ||||||
| 8-iso-prostaglandin F2alpha | ||||||
| oxidized LDL | ||||||
| SOD | ||||||
| TBARS | ||||||
| myeloperoxidase | ||||||
| nitrotyrosine | ||||||
| Metabolic stress | diastolic BP | No | 6 | 2 | ||
| systolic BP | No | 6 | 2 | |||
| total cholesterol | Yes | I | I | 4;5;9 | 5 | |
| LDL | Yes | I | I | 3;4;5;6;7;9;14 | 5 | |
| HDL | Yes | D | I | 3;4;5;6;7;9;14 | 5 | |
| HDL/TC | ||||||
| triglycerides | Yes | I | I | 4;5;7;9;14 | 5 | |
| homocysteine | ||||||
| tPA/PAI-1 | ||||||
| Fibrin fragment D-dimer | ||||||
| Factor VIIa | ||||||
| sICAM | ||||||
| Monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP1) | ||||||
| fasting glucose | No | I | 2;3;6;7;8;11;13 | 2 | ||
| fasting insulin | No | I | 2;3;6;7;8;13 | 2 | ||
| OGTT | ||||||
| insulin tolerance test | ||||||
| HbA1c | ? | D | I | 14* | 1 | |
| fructosamine |
- potential relationship, but not established in healthy humans
1. J. S. Ungerstedt, M. Blomback, and T. Soderstrom. Nicotinamide is a potent inhibitor of proinflammatory cytokines. Clin.Exp.Immunol. 131 (1):48-52, 2003.
2. S. Westphal, K. Borucki, E. Taneva, R. Makarova, and C. Luley. Adipokines and treatment with niacin. Metabolism 55 (10):1283-1285, 2006.
3. A. M. Poynten, S. K. Gan, A. D. Kriketos, A. O'Sullivan, J. J. Kelly, B. A. Ellis, D. J. Chisholm, and L. V. Campbell. Nicotinic acid-induced insulin resistance is related to increased circulating fatty acids and fat oxidation but not muscle lipid content. Metabolism 52 (6):699-704, 2003.
4. C. D. Meyers, V. S. Kamanna, and M. L. Kashyap. Niacin therapy in atherosclerosis. Curr.Opin.Lipidol. 15 (6):659-665, 2004 (Review).
5. S. H. Ganji, V. S. Kamanna, and M. L. Kashyap. Niacin and cholesterol: role in cardiovascular disease J.Nutr.Biochem. 14 (6):298-305, 2003 (review).
6. J. J. Kelly, J. A. Lawson, L. V. Campbell, L. H. Storlien, A. B. Jenkins, J. A. Whitworth, and A. J. O'Sullivan. Effects of nicotinic acid on insulin sensitivity and blood pressure in healthy subjects. J.Hum.Hypertens. 14 (9):567-572, 2000. 7. Christopher S.Vaccari, Ramadan A.Hammoud, Sameer H.Nagamia, Kanni Ramasamy, Allen L.Dollar, and Bobby V.Khan. revisiting niacin: reviewing the evidence. Journal of Clinical Lipidology 1 (1):248-255, 2007 (review)
8. M. Alvarsson and V. Grill. Impact of nicotinic acid treatment on insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity in low and high insulin responders. Scand.J.Clin.Lab Invest 56 (6):563-570, 1996. 9. L. A. Carlson. Nicotinic acid: the broad-spectrum lipid drug. A 50th anniversary review. J.Intern.Med. 258 (2):94-114, 2005.
10. K. Prasad. C-reactive protein (CRP)-lowering agents. Cardiovasc.Drug Rev. 24 (1):33-50, 2006 (review)
11. M. Urberg and M. B. Zemel. Evidence for synergism between chromium and nicotinic acid in the control of glucose tolerance in elderly humans. Metabolism 36 (9):896-899, 1987.
12. B. L. Yu and S. P. Zhao. Anti-inflammatory effect is an important property of niacin on atherosclerosis beyond its lipid-altering effects. Med.Hypotheses 69 (1):90-94, 2007 (review).
13. W. Wang, A. Basinger, R. A. Neese, M. Christiansen, and M. K. Hellerstein. Effects of nicotinic acid on fatty acid kinetics, fuel selection, and pathways of glucose production in women. Am.J.Physiol Endocrinol.Metab 279 (1):E50-E59, 2000.
14. S.M. Grundy, G.L. Vega, M.E. McGovern, M.R. Tulloch, D.M. K. Kendall, D. Fitz-Patrick, O.P. Ganda, R.S. Rosenson, J.B. Buse, D.D. Robertson, J.P. Sheehan. Efficacy, Safety, Tolerability of Once-Daily Niacin for the Treatment of Dyslipidemia Associated with Type 2 Diabetes. Arch. Intern. Med. 162:1568-1576, 2002
Determinants of requirements
| Category | Determinants of status | sign yes/no/? help | independent of intake yes/no/? |
| general | gender | Yes & No | |
| age (adults) | No | ||
| age (children) | Yes | ||
| ethnicity | |||
| physiological status | polymorphisms | ||
| pregnancy | Yes & No | ||
| lactation | Yes & No | ||
| menopause | |||
| physical fitness | |||
| gut flora | |||
| anthropometric variables | body weight | No | |
| BMI | |||
| waist circumference | |||
| fat free mass | |||
| Lifestyle variables | smoking | ||
| physical activity | No | ||
| alcohol use | |||
| medication use (incl. contraceptive pill) | Yes | ||
| stress |