L-Tryptophan

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L-Tryptophan
2D structure for L-Tryptophan
Chemical Name	(2S)-2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid
Chemical Formula	C₁₁H₁₂N₂O₂
CAS Number	73-22-3
Chemical Information	HMDB00929
Biochemical Taxonomy	Amino Acids
Functional Taxonomy	Essential Amino Acid
Nutritional Taxonomy	Not Available
Metabolic Pathways	Not Available
Biofluid Location	Blood Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Saliva Urine
Tissue Location	Nerves Fibroblasts
Normal Biofluid Concentrations	Blood: 101.5 +/- 27.2 uM Blood: 44.0 (37.0-51.0) uM Blood: 45.0 +/- 9.0 uM Blood: 48.7 +/- 11.6 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 1.3 +/- 0.4 umol/mmol creatinine Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 2.0 (1.2-2.5) uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 2.0 +/- 0.53 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 2.32 +/- 0.09 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 20.4 +/- 8.2 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 5 +/- 3 uM Saliva: <1.00 uM Urine: 5.263 (1.316-9.211) umol/mmol creatinine Urine: 7.84 +/- 8.63 umol/mmol creatinine
Normal Tissue Concentrations	Not Available
Diseases / Conditions Related to Nutrition	Acute seizures Epilepsy treated with phenytoin (Intoxicated) Epilepsy treated with phenytoin (after Intoxication) Epilepsy with borderline folate Epilepsy with borderline thiamine Epilepsy with low thiamine Friedrich's Ataxia Hartnup Disease Hypothyroidism Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) Leukemia Leukemia with CNS disease Olivopontocerebral Atrophy Probable Alzheimer's Disease Refractory localization-related epilepsy (RLE) Schizophrenia (Men) Schizophrenia (Women) Spastic Ataxia hypothyroid patients
Other (Monogenic Disorders)	Not Available
Abnormal Biofluid Concentrations	Blood (Acute seizures): 31.6 (29.6-33.6) uM Blood (Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME)): 37.2 (34.3-40.1) uM Blood (Probable Alzheimer's Disease): 33.06 +/- 8.99 uM Blood (Refractory localization-related epilepsy (RLE)): 53.3 (50.3-56.3) uM Blood (Schizophrenia (Men)): 83.3 +/- 26.0 uM Blood (Schizophrenia (Women)): 80.2 +/- 22.0 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) (Epilepsy treated with phenytoin (Intoxicated)): 11.5 +/- 8.2 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) (Epilepsy treated with phenytoin (after Intoxication)): 1.6+/- 0.57 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) (Epilepsy with borderline folate): 1.7 +/- 0.27 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) (Epilepsy with borderline thiamine): 14.3 +/- 12.5 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) (Epilepsy with low thiamine): 1.7 +/- 0.4 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) (Friedrich's Ataxia): 2.4 +/- 0.13 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) (Hartnup Disease): 1.0 +/- 0.2 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) (Hypothyroidism): 0.0016 +/- 0.0003 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) (Hypothyroidism): 0.0018 +/- 0.0003 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) (Leukemia with CNS disease): 12.8 +/- 3.5 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) (Leukemia): 13.0 +/- 5.2 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) (Olivopontocerebral Atrophy): 2.42 +/- 0.14 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) (Spastic Ataxia): 1.80 +/- 0.2 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) (hypothyroid patients): 1.8 +/- 0.3 uM
Abnormal Tissue Concentrations	Not Available
Physiological Processes	Not Available

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Introduction

guidelines
Tryptophan is an essential amino acid which is the precursor of serotonin. Serotonin is a brain neurotransmitter, platelet clotting factor and neurohormone found in organs throughout the body. Metabolism of tryptophan to serotonin requires nutrients such as vitamin B6, niacin and glutathione. Niacin is an important metabolite of tryptophan. High corn or other tryptophan-deficient diets can cause pellagra, which is a niacin-tryptophan deficiency disease with symptoms of dermatitis, diarrhea and dementia. Inborn errors of tryptophan metabolism exist where a tumor (carcinoid) makes excess serotonin. Hartnup's disease is a disease where tryptophan and other amino acids are not absorbed properly. Tryptophan supplements may be useful in each condition, in carcinoid replacing the over-metabolized nutrient and in Hartnup's supplementing a malabsorbed nutrient. Some disorders of excess tryptophan in the blood may contribute to mental retardation. Assessment of tryptophan deficiency is done through studying excretion of tryptophan metabolites in the urine or blood. Blood may be the most sensitive test because the amino acid tryptophan is transported in a unique way. Increased urination of tryptophan fragments correlates with increased tryptophan degradation, which occurs with oral contraception, depression, mental retardation, hypertension and anxiety states. The requirement for tryptophan and protein decreases with age. Adults' minimum daily requirement is 3 mg/kg/day or about 200 mg a day. This may be an underestimation, for there are 400 mg of tryptophan in just a cup of wheat germ. A cup of low fat cottage cheese contains 300 mg of tryptophan and chicken and turkey contain up to 600 mg per pound. (http://www.dcnutrition.com)

Biological Function

guidelines
Low plasma tryprophan is fasting conditions results in reduced formation of serotonin in the brain (from: laboratory evaluations in molcular medicine, nutrients, toxicants and cell regulators, 2005, J. Alexander Bralley and Richard S. Lord, ISBN 0-9673949-3-7)