Glycogen

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Glycogen
2D structure for Glycogen
Chemical Name	(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[(2R,3S,4R,5R,6R)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-[(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxy-2-[[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-3-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol
Chemical Formula	C₂₄H₄₂O₂₁
CAS Number	9005-79-2
Chemical Information	HMDB00757
Biochemical Taxonomy	Not Available
Functional Taxonomy	Not Available
Nutritional Taxonomy	Carbohydrates
Metabolic Pathways	Not Available
Biofluid Location	Blood
Tissue Location	Adrenal Cortex Adrenal Gland Adrenal Medulla Brain Epidermis Fibroblasts Kidney Liver Muscle Myelin Nerves Neurons Pancreas Placenta Platelet Skeletal Muscle Stratum Corneum Testes Testis Adipose Tissue
Normal Biofluid Concentrations	Blood: 39.1+/- 3.1 uM Blood: 43.3 +/- 3.4 uM
Normal Tissue Concentrations	Not Available
Diseases / Conditions Related to Nutrition	Not Available
Other (Monogenic Disorders)	Danon disease OMIM: 300257 Fanconi-bickel syndrome OMIM: 227810 Glycogen storage disease 0 OMIM: 240600
Abnormal Biofluid Concentrations	Not Available
Abnormal Tissue Concentrations	Not Available
Physiological Processes	Not Available

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Introduction

guidelines
Glycogen is a highly-branched polymer of about 30,000 glucose residues and has a molecular weight between 106 and 107 daltons (4.8 million approx.). Most of Glc units are linked by alpha-1,4 glycosidic bonds, approximately 1 in 12 Glc residues also makes -1,6 glycosidic bond with a second Glc which results in the creation of a branch. Glycogen only has one reducing end and a large number of non-reducing ends with a free hydroxyl group at carbon 4. The glycogen granules contain both glycogen and the enzymes of glycogen synthesis (glycogenesis) and degradation (glycogenolysis). The enzymes are nested between the outer branches of the glycogen molecules and act on the non-reducing ends. Therefore, the many non-reducing end-branches of glycogen facilitate its rapid synthesis and breakdown. In hypoglycemia caused by excessive insulin, liver glycogen levels are high, but the high insulin level prevents the glycogenolysis necessary to maintain normal blood sugar levels. Glucagon is a common treatment for this type of hypoglycemia. Glycogen is a polysaccharide that is the principal storage form of glucose (Glc) in animal and human cells. Glycogen is found in the form of granules in the cytosol in many cell types. Hepatocytes (liver cells) have the highest concentration of it - up to 8% of the fresh weight in well fed state, or 100 to 120 g in an adult - giving liver a distinctive, 'starchy taste'. In the muscles, glycogen is found in a much lower concentration (1% of the muscle mass), but the total amount exceeds that in liver. Small amounts of glycogen are found in the kidneys, and even smaller amounts in certain glial cells in the brain and white blood cells.