L-Glutamine

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L-Glutamine
2D structure for L-Glutamine
Chemical Name	<nowiki>(2S)-2-amino-4-carbamoyl-butanoic acid</nowiki>
Chemical Formula	C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>10</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>
CAS Number	56-85-9
Chemical Information	HMDB00641
Biochemical Taxonomy	<p> Amino Acids </p>
Functional Taxonomy	<p> Energy Supplier Essential Amino Acid RNA Component </p>
Nutritional Taxonomy	<p> Non-Essential Amino Acids </p>
Metabolic Pathways	Not Available
Biofluid Location	<p> Blood Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Saliva Urine </p>
Tissue Location	<p> Fibroblasts Gut Intestine Kidney Muscle Myelin Neurons Pancreas Placenta Skeletal Muscle Spleen Stratum Corneum Testis Adipose Tissue </p>
Normal Biofluid Concentrations	<p> Blood: 578.0 +/- 85.0 uM Blood: 586.0 (502.0-670.0) uM Blood: 591.0 +/- 66.0 uM Blood: 600.0 +/- 70.0 uM Blood: 645.0 +/- 694.0 uM Blood: 905.0 +/- 250.0 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 425.0 +/- 70.5 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 432 +/- 204 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 444.0 +/- 84.0 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 518.0 +/- 81.0 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 570.0 +/- 240.0 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 623.6 +/- 71.6 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 627.0 (482.0-772.0) uM Saliva: >10 uM Urine: 36.8 (14.5-59.2) umol/mmol creatinine </p>
Normal Tissue Concentrations	Not Available
Diseases / Conditions Related to Nutrition	<p> Acute seizures Dementia of Alzheimer type (DAT) Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) Probable Alzheimer's Disease Refractory localization-related epilepsy (RLE) Schizophrenia (Men) Schizophrenia (Women) leukemia leukemia with CNS disease </p>
Other (Monogenic Disorders)	<p> Glutamine deficiency, congenital OMIM: 610015 </p>
Abnormal Biofluid Concentrations	<p> Blood (Acute seizures): 476.0 (455.0-498.0) uM Blood (Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME)): 495.0 (477.0-513.0) uM Blood (Probable Alzheimer's Disease): 228.34 +/- 12.0 uM Blood (Refractory localization-related epilepsy (RLE)): 611.0 (591.0-630.0) uM Blood (Schizophrenia (Men)): 650.0 +/- 98.0 uM Blood (Schizophrenia (Women)): 673.0 +/- 96.0 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) (Dementia of Alzheimer type (DAT)): 254.0 (152.0-356.0) uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) (leukemia with CNS disease): 1875.3 +/- 285.8 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) (leukemia): 1061.0 +/- 230.2 uM </p>
Abnormal Tissue Concentrations	Not Available
Physiological Processes	Not Available

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Introduction

guidelines Glutamine (Gln) is one of the 20 amino acids encoded by the standard genetic code. Its side chain is an amide; it is formed by replacing a side-chain hydroxyl of glutamic acid with an amine functional group. glutamine is found in foods high in proteins, such as fish, red meat, beans, and dairy products. glutamine is a supplement that is used in weightlifting, bodybuilding, endurance and other sports, as well as by those who suffer from muscular cramps or pain particularly elderly people. The main use of glutamine within the diet of either group is as a means of replenishing the body's stores of amino acids that have been used during exercise or everyday activities. Studies which are looking IBS into problems with excessive consumption of glutamine thus far have proved inconclusive. However, normal supplementation is healthy mainly because glutamine is supposed to be supplemented after prolonged periods of exercise (for example, a workout or exercise in which amino acids are required for use) and replenishes amino acid stores; this being the main reason glutamine is recommended during fasting or for people who suffer from physical trauma, immune deficiencies, or cancer. There is a significant body of evidence that links glutamine-enriched diets with intestinal effects; aiding maintenance of gut barrier function, intestinal cell proliferation and differentiation, as well as generally reducing septic morbidity and the symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome. The reason for such "cleansing" properties is thought to stem from the fact that the intestinal extraction rate of glutamine is higher than that for other amino acids, and is therefore thought to be the most viable option when attempting to alleviate conditions relating to the gastrointestinal tract. These conditions were discovered after comparing plasma concentration within the gut between glutamine-enriched and non glutamine-enriched diets. However, even though glutamine is thought to have "cleansing" properties and effects, it is unknown to what extent glutamine has clinical benefits, due to the varied concentrations of glutamine in varieties of food. It is also known that glutamine has various effects in reducing healing time after operations. Hospital waiting times after abdominal surgery are reduced by providing parenteral nutrition regimens containing amounts of glutamine to patients. Clinical trials have revealed that patients on supplementation regimes containing glutamine have improved nitrogen balances, generation of cysteinyl-leukotrienes from polymorphonuclear neutrophil granulocytes and improved lymphocyte recovery and intestinal permeability (in postoperative patients) - in comparison to those who had no glutamine within their dietary regime; all without any side-effects. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/glutamine)