3-Hydroxybutyric acid

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3-Hydroxybutyric acid
2D structure for 3-Hydroxybutyric acid
Chemical Name	3-hydroxybutanoic acid
Chemical Formula	C₄H₈O₃
CAS Number	300-85-6
Chemical Information	HMDB00357
Biochemical Taxonomy	Hydroxy Acids
Functional Taxonomy	Not Available
Nutritional Taxonomy	Not Available
Metabolic Pathways	Not Available
Biofluid Location	Blood Cellular Cytoplasm Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Urine
Tissue Location	Liver Neurons Brain
Normal Biofluid Concentrations	Blood: 100.0 +/- 90.0 uM Blood: 180.0 (22.0-700.0) uM Blood: 323.0 +/- 29.0 uM Blood: 36.0 (13.0-95.0) uM Blood: 40.0 +/- 10.0 uM Blood: 50.0 (0.0-100.0) uM Blood: 565.0 +/- 255.0 uM Blood: 60.0 +/- 20.0 uM Cellular Cytoplasm: 1300 (1200-1400) uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 34 +/- 31 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 46.4 +/- 23.9 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 48.0 +/- 48.0 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 50.0 (4.0 - 96.0) uM Urine: 1.3 (0.1-5.8) umol/mmol creatinine Urine: 1.4 (0.1-2.7) umol/mmol creatinine Urine: 2.0 (0.5-9.8) umol/mmol creatinine
Normal Tissue Concentrations	Not Available
Diseases / Conditions Related to Nutrition	Anoxia Obesity Patients with acute ethanol intoxication Type 1 diabetes
Other (Monogenic Disorders)	Alpha-methylacetoacetic aciduria OMIM: 203750
Abnormal Biofluid Concentrations	Blood (Obesity): 235.0 +/- 17.0 uM Blood (Patients with acute ethanol intoxication): 21770.0 +/- 9111.0 uM Blood (Type 1 diabetes): 35.5 +/- 92.2 uM Cellular Cytoplasm (Anoxia): 2600 (2500-2700) uM
Abnormal Tissue Concentrations	Not Available
Physiological Processes	Not Available

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Introduction

guidelines
It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver and occurs at high levels in the blood and urine in ketosis. Persistent mild hyperketonemia is a common finding in newborns. These compounds serve as an indispensable source of energy for extrahepatic tissues, especially the brain and lung of developing rats. Another important function of ketone bodies is to provide acetoacetyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA for synthesis of cholesterol, fatty acids, and complex lipids. During the early postnatal period, acetoacetate (AcAc) and beta-hydroxybutyrate are preferred over glucose as substrates for synthesis of phospholipids and sphingolipids in accord with requirements for brain growth and myelination. Thus, during the first 2 weeks of postnatal development, when the accumulation of cholesterol and phospholipids accelerates, the proportion of ketone bodies incorporated into these lipids increases. On the other hand, an increased proportion of ketone bodies is utilized for cerebroside synthesis during the period of active myelination. In the lung, AcAc serves better than glucose as a precursor for the synthesis of lung phospholipids. The synthesized lipids, particularly dipalmityl phosphatidylcholine, are incorporated into surfactant, and thus have a potential role in supplying adequate surfactant lipids to maintain lung function during the early days of life. (PMID 3884391)