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Xanthine
2D structure for Xanthine
Chemical Name	2,6-dihydroxypurin
Chemical Formula	C5H2N4O2
CAS Number	69-89-6
Chemical Information	HMDB00292
Biochemical Taxonomy	Purines and Purine Derivatives
Functional Taxonomy	Not Available
Nutritional Taxonomy	Not Available
Metabolic Pathways	Nicotinate and Nicotinamide Metabolism Purine Metabolism
Biofluid Location	Blood Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Urine
Tissue Location	Epidermis Fibroblasts Intestine Kidney Prostate Skeletal Muscle Testis Bladder
Normal Biofluid Concentrations	Blood: 0.35 (0.16-0.54) uM Blood: 0.45 (2.7-8.0) uM Blood: 20.0 +/- 25.0 uM Blood: 4.9 +/- 1.5 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 13 +/- 7 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 5.20 (4.33-6.07) uM Urine: 2.6 (2.2-3.75) umol/mmol creatinine
Normal Tissue Concentrations	Not Available
Diseases / Conditions Related to Nutrition	Degenerative disc disease Non-compensated hydrocephalics (pre-shunt implanted) Patients with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome Self-compensated hydrocephalics
Other (Monogenic Disorders)	Molybdenum cofactor deficiency OMIM: 252150 Xanthinuria, type I OMIM: 278300
Abnormal Biofluid Concentrations	Blood (Patients with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome): 2.2 +/- 0.3 umol/L Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) (Degenerative disc disease): 2.30 (2.10-2.50) uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) (Non-compensated hydrocephalics (pre-shunt implanted)): 9.90 (7.46-12.3) uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) (Self-compensated hydrocephalics): 5.17 (3.64-6.70) uM
Abnormal Tissue Concentrations	Not Available
Physiological Processes	Not Available

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Contents 1 Introduction 2 Biological Function 3 Catabolism 4 Diseases / Conditions Related to Nutrition 5 Other (Monogenic) Disorders 6 Nutritional Information 7 Drivers for biological variation 8 Vulnerable groups 9 Other resources 10 Links

Introduction

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A purine base found in most body tissues and fluids, certain plants, and some urinary calculi. It is an intermediate in the degradation of adenosine monophosphate to uric acid, being formed by oxidation of hypoxanthine. The methylated xanthine compounds caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline and their derivatives are used in medicine for their bronchodilator effects. (Dorland, 28th ed.)

Biological Function

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Catabolism

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Xanthine is a purine base generated from hypoxanthine by oxidation.

Diseases / Conditions Related to Nutrition

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• Degenerative disc disease
• Non-compensated hydrocephalics (pre-shunt implanted)
• Patients with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
• Self-compensated hydrocephalics

Other (Monogenic) Disorders

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• Molybdenum cofactor deficiency OMIM: 252150
• Xanthinuria, type I OMIM: 278300

Nutritional Information

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Drivers for biological variation

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Shaham O et al. observed decreased concentrations of hypoxanthine and xanthine upon a glucose challenge test Pubmed. Their explanation was that the decrease in hypoxanthine and xanthine may be explained by a combination of attenuated release and accelerated uptake. Hypoxanthine taken up by tissues can support nucleotide biosynthesis through the purine salvage pathway and may also be indicative of a switch from catabolism to anabolism of nucleic acids, analogues to the simultaneous transitions in fat and protein metabolism.

Vulnerable groups

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Other resources

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Links

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