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The NuGOwiki Metabolite Database is a joint initiative of NuGO and HMDB
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All Metabolites | Biochemical | Nutritional | Functional | Metabolic Pathways | Diseases | Phenotypes | Physiological Processes | Protein |
| Uric acid | |
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| Chemical Name | 7,9-dihydro-1H-Purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione |
| Chemical Formula | C5H4N4O3 |
| CAS Number | 69-93-2 |
| Chemical Information | HMDB00289 |
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| Functional Taxonomy |
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| Nutritional Taxonomy | Not Available |
| Metabolic Pathways |
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| Biofluid Location |
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| Tissue Location |
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| Normal Biofluid Concentrations |
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| Normal Tissue Concentrations | Not Available |
| Diseases / Conditions Related to Nutrition |
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| Other (Monogenic Disorders) |
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| Abnormal Biofluid Concentrations |
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| Abnormal Tissue Concentrations | Not Available |
| Physiological Processes | Not Available |
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Contents |
Introduction
guidelines
Uric acid is a heterocyclic purine derivative that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism. It is produced by the enzyme xanthine oxidase, which oxidizes oxypurines such as xanthine into uric acid. In most mammals, except humans and higher primates, the enzyme uricase further oxidizes uric acid to allantoin. Uric acid is also the end product of nitrogen metabolism in birds and reptiles. In such species, it is excreted in feces as a dry mass. Humans produce only small quantities of uric acid with excess accumulation leading to a type of arthritis known as gout. The loss of uricase in higher primates parallels the similar loss of the ability to synthesize ascorbic acid vitamin C. This may be because in higher primates uric acid partially replaces ascorbic acid.
Biological Function
Catabolism
Diseases / Conditions Related to Nutrition
- Adenylosuccinate lyase (ASDL) deficiency
- Bacterial meningitis
- Degenerative disc disease
- Diabetes Mellitus Type II (Dehghan A et al., Diabetes Care 2008; 31(2);361-362 (Pubmed))
- Hypertension (Johnson R et al, 2005 (Pubmed))
- Cardiovascular diseases (Baker J et al, 2005 (Pubmed))
Other (Monogenic) Disorders
- Hypouricemia, renal OMIM: 220150
- Molybdenum cofactor deficiency OMIM: 252150
- Xanthinuria, type I OMIM: 278300
- Gout Wikipedia: Gout and uric acid
Nutritional Information
guidelines
Purines are found in high amounts in animal food products, especially internal organs
Examples of high purine sources include: sweetbreads, anchovies, sardines, liver, beef kidneys, brains, meat extracts (e.g Oxo, Bovril), herring, mackerel, scallops, game meats, and gravy.
A moderate amount of purine is also contained in beef, pork, poultry, fish and seafood, asparagus, cauliflower, spinach, mushrooms, green peas, lentils, dried peas, beans, oatmeal, wheat bran and wheat germ Gout Diet / Low Purine Diet - Limit High Purine foods.
Moderate intake of purine-containing food is not associated with an increased risk of gout.
Serum uric acid can be elevated due to high fructose intake, reduced excretion by the kidneys, and or high intake of dietary purine.
Fructose can be found in processed foods and soda beverages - in some countries, in the form of high fructose corn syrup.
From Wikipedia
Drivers for biological variation
guidelines
Serum uric acid is positively associated with serum glucose in healthy subjects. However, this association is not consistent between healthy and diabetic individuals, as a low serum level of uric acid is reported in the hyperglycemic state (Dehghan A et al., Diabetes Care 2008; 31(2);361-362 (Pubmed)). Dehghan A and coworkers reports a study of 4536 subjects free from diabetes at baseline and suggests that serum uric acid is a strong and independent risk factor for diabetes with a mean follow-up of 10.1 years.
Age, BMI, waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure had a significant positive correlation with serum uric acid HDL cholesterol had a significant negative correlation with serum uric acid.
Serum uric acid has been shown to be associated with oxidative stress (Pubmed). Low serum concentrations of uric acid may be a marker of oxidative stress and may have a potential therapeutic role as an antioxidant (PMID 16375736). On the other hand, like other strong reducing substances such as ascorbate, uric acid can also act as a prooxidant, particularly at elevated levels. Thus, it is unclear whether elevated levels of uric acid in diseases associated with oxidative stress such as stroke and atherosclerosis are a protective response or a primary cause. From Wikipedia
For example, some researchers propose that hyperuricemia-induced oxidative stress is a cause of Metabolic syndrome. On the other hand, plasma uric acid levels correlate with longevity in primates and other mammals. This is presumably a function of urate's antioxidant properties. From Wikipedia
Serum uric acid has been shown to be associated with production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a), an inflammatory protein (Butler et al. 2000 (Pubmed).