Thyroxine

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Thyroxine
2D structure for Thyroxine
Chemical Name	2-amino-3-[4-(4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodo-phenoxy)-3,5-diiodo-phenyl]-propanoic acid
Chemical Formula	C₁₅H₁₁I₄NO₄
CAS Number	51-48-9
Chemical Information	HMDB00248
Biochemical Taxonomy	Amino Acids
Functional Taxonomy	Not Available
Nutritional Taxonomy	Not Available
Metabolic Pathways	Tyrosine Metabolism
Biofluid Location	Blood Saliva
Tissue Location	Fibroblasts Gonads Intestine Muscle Myelin Nerves Neurons Placenta Platelet Skeletal Muscle Spleen Testes Testis Thyroid Gland Adipose Tissue
Normal Biofluid Concentrations	Blood: 0.0000144 +/- 0.0000036 uM Blood: 0.000016 (0.0000064-0.000064) umol/L Blood: 0.00002 (0.00001-0.00003) uM Blood: 0.32 (0.16-0.47) uM Saliva: 0.0 - 1.0 uM
Normal Tissue Concentrations	Not Available
Diseases / Conditions Related to Nutrition	Adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa Hypothyroid patients
Other (Monogenic Disorders)	Hypothyroidism, athyroidal, with spiky hair and cleft palate OMIM: 241850
Abnormal Biofluid Concentrations	Blood (Adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa): 0.000011 +/- 0.0000016 uM Blood (Hypothyroid patients): 0.0000185 +/- 0.0000052 uM
Abnormal Tissue Concentrations	Not Available
Physiological Processes	Not Available

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Introduction

guidelines
The thyronamines function via some unknown mechanism to inhibit neuronal activity; this plays an important role in the hibernation cycles of mammals. One effect of administering the thyronamines is a severe drop in body temperature.; Iodide is actively absorbed from the bloodstream and concentrated in the thyroid follicles. (If there is a deficiency of dietary iodine, the thyroid enlarges in an attempt to trap more iodine, resulting in goitre.) Via a reaction with the enzyme thyroperoxidase, iodine is covalently bound to tyrosine residues in the thyroglobulin molecules, forming monoiodotyrosine (MIT) and diiodotyrosine (DIT). Linking two moieties of DIT produces thyroxine. Combining one particle of MIT and one particle of DIT produces triiodothyronine.; Both T3 and T4 are used to treat thyroid hormone deficiency (hypothyroidism). They are both absorbed well by the gut, so can be given orally. Levothyroxine, the most commonly used synthetic thyroxine form, is a stereoisomer of physiological thyroxine, which is metabolized more slowly and hence usually only needs once-daily administration. Natural desiccated thyroid hormones, which are derived from pig thyroid glands, are a "natural" hypothyroid treatment containing 20% T3 and traces of T2, T1 and calcitonin.; this plays an important role in the hibernation cycles of mammals. One effect of administering the thyronamines is a severe drop in body temperature.; The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (monoiodotyrosine) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (diiodotyrosine) in the thyroglobulin. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form triiodothyronine which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.; The thyronamines function via some unknown mechanism to inhibit neuronal activity