L-Serine

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L-Serine
2D structure for L-Serine
Chemical Name	2-amino-3-hydroxy-propanoic acid
Chemical Formula	C₃H₇NO₃
CAS Number	56-45-1
Chemical Information	HMDB00187
Biochemical Taxonomy	Amino Acids
Functional Taxonomy	Not Available
Nutritional Taxonomy	Not Available
Metabolic Pathways	Glycosphingolipid Metabolism Lysine Degradation Methionine Metabolism One Carbon Pool by Folate
Biofluid Location	Blood Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Urine
Tissue Location	All Tissues
Normal Biofluid Concentrations	Blood: 114.0 (95.0-133.0) uM Blood: 114.0 +/- 23.0 uM Blood: 121.0 +/- 14.0 uM Blood: 121.0 +/- 25.0 uM Blood: 127.0 +/- 27.0 uM Blood: 127.0 +/- 29.0 uM Blood: 134.0+/- 38.0 umol/L Blood: 137.0 +/- 35.0 uM Blood: 142.0 +/- 35.0 uM Blood: 236.0 +/- 6.0 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 24.5 +/- 4.4 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 28.1 +/- 4.7 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 28.9 (20.7-37.0) uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 30.2 +/- 3.8 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 42 +/- 18 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 42.4 +/- 15.1 uM Urine: 2.6 (0.37-5.0) umol/mmol creatinine Urine: 26.0 +/- 10.0 umol/mmol creatinine Urine: 28.5 (12.5-44.4) umol/mmol creatinine Urine: 30.0 +/- 13.6 umol/mmol creatinine Urine: 8.9 +/- 4.6 umol/mmol creatinine
Normal Tissue Concentrations	Not Available
Diseases / Conditions Related to Nutrition	Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) Leukemia Patient with Chronic Heart Failure Probable Alzheimer's Disease Refractory localization-related epilepsy (RLE) leukemia with CNS disease
Other (Monogenic Disorders)	Not Available
Abnormal Biofluid Concentrations	Blood (Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME)): 140.0 (131.0-148.0) uM Blood (Patient with Chronic Heart Failure): 221.0 +/- 8.0 uM Blood (Probable Alzheimer's Disease): 0.21 +/- 0.024 uM Blood (Refractory localization-related epilepsy (RLE)): 104.0 (101.0-107.0) uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) (Leukemia): 38.3 +/- 15.5 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) (leukemia with CNS disease): 31.9 +/- 8.8 uM
Abnormal Tissue Concentrations	Not Available
Physiological Processes	Not Available

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Introduction

guidelines
Serine is a nonessential amino acid derived from glycine. Like all the amino acid building blocks of protein and peptides, serine can become essential under certain conditions, and is thus important in maintaining health and preventing disease. Low-average concentration of serine compared to other amino acids is found in muscle. Serine is highly concentrated in all cell membranes. (http://www.dcnutrition.com/AminoAcids/) L-Serine may be derived from four possible sources: dietary intake; biosynthesis from the glycolytic intermediate 3-phosphoglycerate; from glycine ; and by protein and phospholipid degradation. Little data is available on the relative contributions of each of these four sources of l-serine to serine homoeostasis. It is very likely that the predominant source of l-serine will be very different in different tissues and during different stages of human development. In the biosynthetic pathway, the glycolytic intermediate 3-phosphoglycerate is converted into phosphohydroxypyruvate, in a reaction catalyzed by 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (3- PGDH; EC 1.1.1.95). Phosphohydroxypyruvate is metabolized to phosphoserine by phosphohydroxypyruvate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.52) and, finally, phosphoserine is converted into l-serine by phosphoserine phosphatase (PSP; EC 3.1.3.3). In liver tissue, the serine biosynthetic pathway is regulated in response to dietary and hormonal changes. Of the three synthetic enzymes, the properties of 3-PGDH and PSP are the best documented. Hormonal factors such as glucagon and corticosteroids also influence 3-PGDH and PSP activities in interactions dependent upon the diet. L-serine plays a central role in cellular proliferation. L-Serine is the predominant source of one-carbon groups for the de novo synthesis of purine nucleotides and deoxythymidine monophosphate. It has long been recognized that, in cell cultures, L-serine is a conditional essential amino acid, because it cannot be synthesized in sufficient quantities to meet the cellular demands for its utilization. In recent years, L-serine and the products of its metabolism have been recognized not only to be essential for cell proliferation, but also to be necessary for specific functions in the central nervous system. The findings of altered levels of serine and glycine in patients with psychiatric disorders and the severe neurological abnormalities in patients with defects of L-serine synthesis underscore the importance of L-serine in brain development and function. (PMID 12534373)