Alpha-Lactose

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Alpha-Lactose
2D structure for Alpha-Lactose
Chemical Name	(2R,3S,4S,5R,6S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxy-oxane-3,4,5-triol
Chemical Formula	C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁
CAS Number	63-42-3
Chemical Information	HMDB00186
Biochemical Taxonomy	Not Available
Functional Taxonomy	Not Available
Nutritional Taxonomy	Carbohydrates
Metabolic Pathways	Galactose Metabolism Glycerolipid Metabolism Glycosphingolipid Metabolism Keratan Sulfate Biosynthesis N-glycan Biosynthesis
Biofluid Location	Not Available
Tissue Location	Gut Intestine Muscle Platelet Skin Spleen Bladder
Normal Biofluid Concentrations	Not Available
Normal Tissue Concentrations	Not Available
Diseases / Conditions Related to Nutrition	Not Available
Other (Monogenic Disorders)	Galactokinase deficiency OMIM: 230200 Hypolactasia, adult type OMIM: 223100 Lactase deficiency, congenital OMIM: 223000
Abnormal Biofluid Concentrations	Not Available
Abnormal Tissue Concentrations	Not Available
Physiological Processes	Not Available

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Introduction

guidelines
alpha-Lactose is the major sugar present in milk and the main source of energy supplied to the newborn mammalian in its mother's milk. Lactose is also an important osmotic regulator of lactation. It is digested by the intestinal lactase (EC 3.2.1.108), an enzyme expressed in newborns. Its activity declines following weaning. As a result, adult mammals are normally lactose-intolerant and more than 75% of the human adult population suffers from lactase deficiency. Lactase deficiency is present in up to 80 percent of blacks and Latinos, and up to 100 percent of American Indians and Asians. Persons with lactose intolerance are unable to digest significant amounts of lactose. Common symptoms include abdominal pain and bloating, excessive flatus, and watery stool following the ingestion of foods containing lactose. A sizable number of adults believe they are lactose intolerant but do not actually have impaired lactose digestion, and some persons with lactase deficiency can tolerate moderate amounts of ingested lactose. A diagnosis of lactose intolerance can usually be made with a careful history supported by dietary manipulation. If necessary, diagnosis can be confirmed by using a breath hydrogen or lactose tolerance test. These mostly uncomfortable symptoms of lactose maldigestion are blamed for a variably dairy consumption. There is, however, emerging evidence that certain lactic acid-producing bacteria, which selectively consume prebiotics, may be beneficial against some lower intestinal diseases. Lactose maldigestion and lactose should perhaps be re-evaluated as a potential provider of such a prebiotic. Treatment consists primarily of avoiding lactose-containing foods. Lactase enzyme supplements may be helpful. The degree of lactose malabsorption varies greatly among patients with lactose intolerance, but most of them can ingest up to 350 mL of milk daily without symptoms. Lactose-intolerant patients must ensure adequate calcium intake. (PMID: 13130292, 12216958, 12197838, 12018807)