L-Lysine

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L-Lysine
2D structure for L-Lysine
Chemical Name	2,6-diaminohexanoic acid
Chemical Formula	C₆H₁₄N₂O₂
CAS Number	56-87-1
Chemical Information	HMDB00182
Biochemical Taxonomy	Amino Acids
Functional Taxonomy	Not Available
Nutritional Taxonomy	Essential Amino Acids
Metabolic Pathways	Lysine Degradation
Biofluid Location	Blood Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Saliva Urine
Tissue Location	All Tissues
Normal Biofluid Concentrations	Blood: 164.0 +/- 28.0 uM Blood: 183.0 +/- 34.0 uM Blood: 188.0 (156.0-220.0) uM Blood: 190.0 +/- 60.0 uM Blood: 198.0 +/- 31.0 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 21.7 +/- 3.7 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 23.9 (18.1-29.7) uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 25.7 +/- 5.3 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 27.7 +/- 8.0 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 29.0 +/- 13.0 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 31.5 +/- 5.7 uM Saliva: >10 uM Urine: 0.9 (0.17-1.84) umol/mmol creatinine Urine: 10.9(2.105-19.7) umol/mmol creatinine Urine: 29.0 +/- 21.7 umol/mmol creatinine Urine: 32.0 +/- 27.0 umol/mmol creatinine
Normal Tissue Concentrations	Not Available
Diseases / Conditions Related to Nutrition	Probable Alzheimer's Disease Refractory localization-related epilepsy (RLE) leukemia leukemia with CNS disease
Other (Monogenic Disorders)	Hyperlysinemia OMIM: 238700
Abnormal Biofluid Concentrations	Blood (Probable Alzheimer's Disease): 216.7 +/- 54.5 uM Blood (Refractory localization-related epilepsy (RLE)): 128.0 (119.0-137.0) uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) (leukemia with CNS disease): 21.9 +/- 6.2 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) (leukemia): 26.9 +/- 11.1 uM
Abnormal Tissue Concentrations	Not Available
Physiological Processes	Not Available

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Introduction

guidelines
L-lysine is an essential amino acid. Normal requirements for lysine have been found to be about 8 g per day or 12 mg/kg in adults. Children and infants need more- 44 mg/kg per day for an eleven to-twelve-year old, and 97 mg/kg per day for three-to six-month old. Lysine is highly concentrated in muscle compared to most other amino acids. Lysine is high in foods such as wheat germ, cottage cheese and chicken. Of meat products, wild game and pork have the highest concentration of lysine. Fruits and vegetables contain little lysine, except avocados. Normal lysine metabolism is dependent upon many nutrients including niacin, vitamin B6, riboflavin, vitamin C, glutamic acid and iron. Excess arginine antagonizes lysine. Several inborn errors of lysine metabolism are known. Most are marked by mental retardation with occasional diverse symptoms such as absence of secondary sex characteristics, undescended testes, abnormal facial structure, anemia, obesity, enlarged liver and spleen, and eye muscle imbalance. Lysine also may be a useful adjunct in the treatment of osteoporosis. Although high protein diets result in loss of large amounts of calcium in urine, so does lysine deficiency. Lysine may be an adjunct therapy because it reduces calcium losses in urine. Lysine deficiency also may result in immunodeficiency. Requirements for this amino acid are probably increased by stress. Lysine toxicity has not occurred with oral doses in humans. Lysine dosages are presently too small and may fail to reach the concentrations necessary to prove potential therapeutic applications. Lysine metabolites, amino caproic acid and carnitine have already shown their therapeutic potential. Thirty grams daily of amino caproic acid has been used as an initial daily dose in treating blood clotting disorders, indicating that the proper doses of lysine, its precursor, have yet to be used in medicine. Low lysine levels have been found in patients with Parkinson's, hypothyroidism, kidney disease, asthma and depression. The exact significance of these levels is unclear, yet lysine therapy can normalize the level and has been associated with improvement of some patients with these conditions. Abnormally elevated hydroxylysines have been found in virtually all chronic degenerative diseases and coumadin therapy. The levels of this stress marker may be improved by high doses of vitamin C. Lysine is particularly useful in therapy for marasmus (wasting) and herpes simplex. It stops the growth of herpes simplex in culture, and has helped to reduce the number and occurrence of cold sores in clinical studies. Dosing has not been adequately studied, but beneficial clinical effects occur in doses ranging from 100 mg to 4 g a day. Higher doses may also be useful, and toxicity has not been reported in doses as high as 8 g per day. Diets high in lysine and low in arginine can be useful in the prevention and treatment of herpes. Some researchers think herpes simplex virus is involved in many other diseases related to cranial nerves such as migraines, Bell's palsy and Meniere's disease. Herpes blister fluid will produce fatal encephalitis in the rabbit. (http://www.dcnutrition.com)