L-Histidine

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L-Histidine
2D structure for L-Histidine
Chemical Name	2-amino-3-(3H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid
Chemical Formula	C₆H₉N₃O₂
CAS Number	71-00-1
Chemical Information	HMDB00177
Biochemical Taxonomy	Amino Acids
Functional Taxonomy	Essential Amino Acid
Nutritional Taxonomy	Essential Amino Acids Non-Essential Amino Acids
Metabolic Pathways	Histidine Metabolism
Biofluid Location	Blood Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Saliva Urine
Tissue Location	All Tissues
Normal Biofluid Concentrations	Blood: 75.0 +/- 20.0 uM Blood: 82.0 (72.0-92.0) uM Blood: 83.0 +/- 14.0 uM Blood: 859.0 +/- 15.0 uM Blood: 86.0 +/- 10.0 uM Blood: 89.0 +/- 11.0 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 10.9 (10.4-11.4) uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 11.9 +/- 1.7 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 14 +/- 8 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 16.8 +/- 2.7 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 18.6 +/- 3.3 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 20.7 +/- 7.5 uM Saliva: >10 uM Urine: 2.2 (1.18-3.4) umol/mmol creatinine Urine: 31.0 +/- 15.0 umol/mmol creatinine Urine: 62.0 +/- 28.0 umol/mmol creatinine Urine: 85.0 +/- 33.0 umol/mmol creatinine Urine: 87.2 (23.0-151.0) umol/mmol creatinine
Normal Tissue Concentrations	Not Available
Diseases / Conditions Related to Nutrition	Acute seizures Dengue Nondiabetic patients with Chronic Heart Failure Probable Alzheimer's Disease Refractory localization-related epilepsy (RLE) leukemia leukemia with CNS disease
Other (Monogenic Disorders)	Histidinemia OMIM: 235800
Abnormal Biofluid Concentrations	Blood (Acute seizures): 80.5 (76.3-84.7) uM Blood (Dengue): 67.0 (64.0-70.0) uM Blood (Nondiabetic patients with Chronic Heart Failure): 889.0 +/- 37.0 uM Blood (Probable Alzheimer's Disease): 116.68 +/- 18.15 uM Blood (Refractory localization-related epilepsy (RLE)): 107.0 (101.0-114.0) uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) (Histidinemia): 130.0 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) (leukemia with CNS disease): 10.3 +/- 3.7 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) (leukemia): 21.4 +/- 6.6 uM
Abnormal Tissue Concentrations	Not Available
Physiological Processes	Not Available

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Introduction

guidelines
histidine is an essential amino acid for infants but not adults. Infants four to six months old require 33 mg/kg of histidine. It is not clear how adults make small amounts of histidine, and dietary sources probably account for most of the histidine in the body. Inborn errors of histidine metabolism exist and are marked by increased histidine levels in the blood. Elevated blood histidine is accompanied by a wide range of symptoms, from mental and physical retardation to poor intellectual functioning, emotional instability, tremor, ataxia and psychosis. histidine in medical therapies has its most promising trials in rheumatoid arthritis where up to 4.5 g daily have been used effectively in severely affected patients. Arthritis patients have been found to have low serum histidine levels, apparently because of too-rapid removal of histidine from their blood. histidine and other imidazole compounds have anti-inflammatory properties. histidine may accomplish this function through a complex interaction with threonine or cysteine and possibly copper. However, copper is usually elevated in rheumatoid arthritis patients and worsens the disease. Other patients besides arthritis patients that have been found to be low in serum histidine are those with chronic renal failure. histidine has been claimed to have been useful in hypertension because of its vasodilatory effects. Claims of its use to improve libido and counteract allergy are without proof at present. histidine may have many other possible functions because it is the precursor of the ubiquitous neurohormone-neurotransmitter histamine. histidine increases histamine in the blood and probably in the brain. Low blood histamine with low serum histidine occurs in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Low blood histamine also occurs in some manic, schizophrenic, high copper and hyperactive groups of psychiatric patients. histidine is a useful therapy in all low histamine patients. (http://www.dcnutrition.com)