L-Phenylalanine

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L-Phenylalanine
2D structure for L-Phenylalanine
Chemical Name	2-amino-3-phenyl-propanoic acid
Chemical Formula	C₉H₁₁NO₂
CAS Number	63-91-2
Chemical Information	HMDB00159
Biochemical Taxonomy	Amino Acids
Functional Taxonomy	Not Available
Nutritional Taxonomy	Essential Amino Acids
Metabolic Pathways	Alanine and Aspartate Metabolism Prostaglandin and Leukotriene Metabolism
Biofluid Location	Blood Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Saliva Urine
Tissue Location	All Tissues
Normal Biofluid Concentrations	Blood: 166.0 +/- 3.0 uM Blood: 56.0 +/- 8.0 uM Blood: 57.0 (48.0-66.0) uM Blood: 60.0 +/- 8.0 uM Blood: 65.0 +/- 9.0 uM Blood: 80.0 +/- 20.0 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 10.4 (7.58-13.2) uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 10.8 +/- 4.2 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 12.5 +/- 2.9 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 15 +/- 13 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 18.0 +/- 7.2 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 6.5 +/- 1.2 uM Saliva: >10 uM Urine: 0.2 (0.07-0.35) umol/mmol creatinine Urine: 1.61 +/- 1.0 umol/mmol creatinine Urine: 4.0 +/- 1.76 umol/mmol creatinine Urine: 4.5 +/- 1.87 umol/mmol creatinine Urine: 4.605 (1.645-7.566) umol/mmol creatinine
Normal Tissue Concentrations	Not Available
Diseases / Conditions Related to Nutrition	Acute seizures Bacterial Infection Dengue Hypothyroid patients Hypothyroidism Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) Leukemia Leukemia with CNS disease Myocardial Infarction Neonatal Maple syrup urine Disease (MSUD) Neonatal Phenylketonuria Probable Alzheimer's Disease Viral Infection hypothyroid patients
Other (Monogenic Disorders)	Hyperphenylalaninemia with primapterinuria OMIM: 264070
Abnormal Biofluid Concentrations	Blood (Acute seizures): 49.6 (47.1-52.1) uM Blood (Bacterial Infection): 143.0 (128.0-158.0) uM Blood (Dengue): 75.0 (67.0-83.0) uM Blood (Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME)): 53.1 (50.8-55.4) uM Blood (Myocardial Infarction): 101.0 (97.0-105) uM Blood (Neonatal Maple syrup urine Disease (MSUD)): 98.0 +/- 113.0 uM Blood (Neonatal Phenylketonuria): 571.0 +/- 1023.0 uM Blood (Probable Alzheimer's Disease): 71.77 +/- 9.21 uM Blood (Viral Infection): 171.0 (140.0-202.0) uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) (Hypothyroid patients): 14.7 +/- 3.1 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) (Hypothyroidism): 14.7 (11.6-17.8) uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) (Leukemia with CNS disease): 18.6 +/- 5.2 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) (Leukemia): 16.4 +/- 6.3 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) (hypothyroid patients): 14.7 +/- 3.1 uM
Abnormal Tissue Concentrations	Not Available
Physiological Processes	Not Available

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Introduction

guidelines
Phenylalanine is an essential amino acid and the precursor for the amino acid tyrosine. Like tyrosine, it is the precursor of catecholamines in the body (tyramine, dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine). The psychotropic drugs (mescaline, morphine, codeine, and papaverine) also have phenylalanine as a constituent. Phenylalanine is a precursor of the neurotransmitters called catecholamines, which are adrenalin-like substances. Phenylalanine is highly concentrated in the human brain and plasma. Normal metabolism of phenylalanine requires biopterin, iron, niacin, vitamin B6, copper and vitamin C. An average adult ingests 5 g of phenylalanine per day and may optimally need up to 8 g daily. Phenylalanine is highly concentrated in high protein foods, such as meat, cottage cheese and wheat germ. A new dietary source of phenylalanine is artificial sweeteners containing aspartame. Aspartame appears to be nutritious except in hot beverages; however, it should be avoided by phenylketonurics and pregnant women. Phenylketonurics, who have a genetic error of phenylalanine metabolism, have elevated serum plasma levels of phenylalanine up to 400 times normal. Mild phenylketonuria can be an unsuspected cause of hyperactivity, learning problems, and other developmental problems in children. Phenylalanine can be an effective pain reliever. Its use in premenstrual syndrome and Parkinson's may enhance the effects of acupuncture and electric transcutaneous nerve stimulation (TENS). Phenylalanine and tyrosine, like L-dopa, produce a catecholamine effect. Phenylalanine is better absorbed than tyrosine and may cause fewer headaches. Low phenylalanine diets have been prescribed for certain cancers with mixed results. Some tumors use more phenylalanine (particularly melatonin-producing tumors called melanoma). One strategy is to exclude this amino acid from the diet, i.e., a Phenylketonuria (PKU) diet (compliance is a difficult issue; it is hard to quantify and is under-researched). The other strategy is just to increase phenylalanine's competing amino acids, i.e., tryptophan, valine, isoleucine and leucine, but not tyrosine. (http://www.dcnutrition.com)