L-Tyrosine

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L-Tyrosine
2D structure for L-Tyrosine
Chemical Name	2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propanoic acid
Chemical Formula	C₉H₁₁NO₃
CAS Number	60-18-4
Chemical Information	HMDB00158
Biochemical Taxonomy	Amino Acids
Functional Taxonomy	Not Available
Nutritional Taxonomy	Not Available
Metabolic Pathways	Alanine and Aspartate Metabolism
Biofluid Location	Blood Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Saliva Urine
Tissue Location	All Tissues
Normal Biofluid Concentrations	Blood: 120.0 +/- 100.0 uM Blood: 142.0 +/- 4.0 uM Blood: 59.0 (47.0-71.0) uM Blood: 61.0 +/- 13.0 uM Blood: 68.0 +/- 10.0 uM Blood: 72.0 +/- 15.0 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 10.1 (6.37-13.8) uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 12.0 +/- 9.0 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 24.5 +/- 8.9 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 6.4 +/- 1.5 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 7.9 +/- 3.0 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 9.3 +/- 2.0 uM Saliva: >10 uM Urine: 0.72 (0.18-1.38) umol/mmol creatinine Urine: 10.9 (2.566-19.1) umol/mmol creatinine Urine: 4.2 +/- 1.85 umol/mmol creatinine Urine: 7.0 +/- 3.0 umol/mmol creatinine Urine: 8.8 +/- 4.5 umol/mmol creatinine
Normal Tissue Concentrations	Not Available
Diseases / Conditions Related to Nutrition	Acute seizures Epilepsy treated with phenytoin (well controlled) Epilepsy with borderline thiamine Epilepsy with low folate Epilepsy with low thiamine Hypothyroid patients Hypothyroidism Leukemia Leukemia with CNS disease Myocardial Infarction Probable Alzheimer's Disease Refractory localization-related epilepsy (RLE) Schizophrenic patients Viral Infection hypothyroid patients
Other (Monogenic Disorders)	Not Available
Abnormal Biofluid Concentrations	Blood (Acute seizures): 50.7 (46.8-54.6) uM Blood (Myocardial Infarction): 74.0 (71.0-77.0) uM Blood (Probable Alzheimer's Disease): 143.77 +/- 15.49 uM Blood (Refractory localization-related epilepsy (RLE)): 81.0 (75.9-86.1) uM Blood (Schizophrenic patients): 73.0 +/- 20.0 uM Blood (Schizophrenic patients): 91.2 +/- 30.0 uM Blood (Viral Infection): 90.0 (81.0-99.0) uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) (Epilepsy treated with phenytoin (well controlled)): 13.0 +/- 10.6 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) (Epilepsy with borderline thiamine): 14.2 +/-12.5 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) (Epilepsy with low folate): 12.3 +/- 9.3 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) (Epilepsy with low thiamine): 9.4 +/- 4.9 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) (Hypothyroid patients): 15.3 +/- 4.9 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) (Hypothyroidism): 15.3 (10.4-20.2) uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) (Leukemia with CNS disease): 12.6 +/- 3.3 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) (Leukemia): 13.0 +/- 4.1 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) (hypothyroid patients): 15.3 +/- 4.9 uM
Abnormal Tissue Concentrations	Not Available
Physiological Processes	Not Available

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Introduction

guidelines
Tyrosine is an essential amino acid that readily passes the blood-brain barrier. Once in the brain, it is a precursor for the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine, better known as adrenalin. These neurotransmitters are an important part of the body's sympathetic nervous system, and their concentrations in the body and brain are directly dependent upon dietary tyrosine. Tyrosine is not found in large concentrations throughout the body, probably because it is rapidly metabolized. Folate, copper and vitamin C are cofactor nutrients of these reactions. Tyrosine is also the precursor for hormones, thyroid, catecholestrogens and the major human pigment, melanin. Tyrosine is an important amino acid in many proteins, peptides and even enkephalins, the body's natural pain reliever. Valine and other branched amino acids, and possibly tryptophan and phenylalanine may reduce tyrosine absorption. A number of genetic errors of tyrosine metabolism occur. Most common is the increased amount of tyrosine in the blood of premature infants, which is marked by decreased motor activity, lethargy and poor feeding. Infection and intellectual deficits may occur. Vitamin C supplements reverse the disease. Some adults also develop elevated tyrosine in their blood. This indicates a need for more vitamin C. More tyrosine is needed under stress, and tyrosine supplements prevent the stress-induced depletion of norepinephrine and can cure biochemical depression. However, tyrosine may not be good for psychosis. Many antipsychotic medications apparently function by inhibiting tyrosine metabolism. L-dopa, which is directly used in Parkinson's, is made from tyrosine. Tyrosine, the nutrient, can be used as an adjunct in the treatment of Parkinson's. Peripheral metabolism of tyrosine necessitates large doses of tyrosine, however, compared to L-dopa. (http://www.dcnutrition.com)