L-Glutamic acid

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L-Glutamic acid
2D structure for L-Glutamic acid
Chemical Name	2-aminopentanedioic acid
Chemical Formula	C₅H₉NO₄
CAS Number	56-86-0
Chemical Information	HMDB00148
Biochemical Taxonomy	Amino Acids
Functional Taxonomy	Not Available
Nutritional Taxonomy	Not Available
Metabolic Pathways	Alanine and Aspartate Metabolism Aminosugars Metabolism Butanoate Metabolism Folate Biosynthesis Glutathione Metabolism Glycine, Serine and Threonine Metabolism Lysine Degradation One Carbon Pool by Folate Pantothenate and CoA Biosynthesis Porphyrin and Chlorophyll Metabolism Prostaglandin and Leukotriene Metabolism Purine Metabolism Valine, Leucine and Isoleucine Biosynthesis Valine, Leucine and Isoleucine Degradation Vitamin B6 Metabolism
Biofluid Location	Blood Cellular Cytoplasm Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Saliva Urine
Tissue Location	Adrenal Medulla Epidermis Fibroblasts Intestine Kidney Muscle Myelin Nerves Neurons Pancreas Placenta Platelet Skeletal Muscle Spleen Stratum Corneum Adipose Tissue
Normal Biofluid Concentrations	Blood: 145.0 +/- 6.0 uM Blood: 24.0 (9.0-39.0) uM Blood: 33.0 +/- 12.0 uM Blood: 35.0 +/- 14.0 uM Blood: 37.0 +/- 14.0 uM Blood: 46.0 +/- 13.0 uM Blood: 60.0 +/- 16.0 uM Blood: 65.0 +/- 35.0 uM Cellular Cytoplasm: 1400 (1200-1600) uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 0.34 +/- 0.14 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 0.62 (0.18-1.15) uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 1.8 +/- 0.7 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 32.6 +/- 6.9 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 40 +/- 52 uM Saliva: >10 uM Urine: 0.5 (0.13-1.0) umol/mmol creatinine Urine: 1.711 (0.329-3.092) umol/mmol creatinine
Normal Tissue Concentrations	Not Available
Diseases / Conditions Related to Nutrition	Acute seizures Anoxia Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) Nondiabetic patients with Chronic Heart Failure Probable Alzheimer's Disease Refractory localization-related epilepsy (RLE) Schizophrenia Schizophrenia (Men) leukemia leukemia with CNS disease
Other (Monogenic Disorders)	Not Available
Abnormal Biofluid Concentrations	Blood (Acute seizures): 56.6 (44.6-68.6) uM Blood (Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME)): 39.7 (36.5-42.9) uM Blood (Nondiabetic patients with Chronic Heart Failure): 172.0 +/- 6.0 uM Blood (Probable Alzheimer's Disease): 33.18 +/- 11.26 uM Blood (Refractory localization-related epilepsy (RLE)): 29.8 (27.6-32.0) uM Blood (Schizophrenia (Men)): 32.7 +/- 18.0 uM Blood (Schizophrenia): 34.7 +/- 26.0 uM Cellular Cytoplasm (Anoxia): 2500 (2100-2900) uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) (leukemia with CNS disease): 23.6 +/- 8.5 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) (leukemia): 26.8 +/- 5.9 uM
Abnormal Tissue Concentrations	Not Available
Physiological Processes	Not Available

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Introduction

guidelines
Glutamic acid (Glu), also referred to as glutamate (the anion), is one of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids. It is not among the essential amino acids. Glutamate is a key molecule in cellular metabolism. In humans, dietary proteins are broken down by digestion into amino acids, which serves as metabolic fuel or other functional roles in the body. Glutamate is the most abundant fast excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian nervous system. At chemical synapses, glutamate is stored in vesicles. Nerve impulses trigger release of glutamate from the pre-synaptic cell. In the opposing post-synaptic cell, glutamate receptors, such as the NMDA receptor, bind glutamate and are activated. Because of its role in synaptic plasticity, it is believed that glutamic acid is involved in cognitive functions like learning and memory in the brain. Glutamate transporters are found in neuronal and glial membranes. They rapidly remove glutamate from the extracellular space. In brain injury or disease, they can work in reverse and excess glutamate can accumulate outside cells. This process causes calcium ions to enter cells via NMDA receptor channels, leading to neuronal damage and eventual cell death, and is called excitotoxicity. The mechanisms of cell death include: * Damage to mitochondria from excessively high intracellular Ca2+. * Glu/Ca2+-mediated promotion of transcription factors for pro-apoptotic genes, or downregulation of transcription factors for anti-apoptotic genes. Excitotoxicity due to glutamate occurs as part of the ischemic cascade and is associated with stroke and diseases like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, lathyrism, and Alzheimer's disease. glutamic acid has been implicated in epileptic seizures. Microinjection of glutamic acid into neurons produces spontaneous depolarization around one second apart, and this firing pattern is similar to what is known as paroxysmal depolarizing shift in epileptic attacks. This change in the resting membrane potential at seizure foci could cause spontaneous opening of voltage activated calcium channels, leading to glutamic acid release and further depolarization. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamic_acid)