Choline

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Choline
2D structure for Choline
Chemical Name	2-hydroxyethyl-trimethyl-ammonium
Chemical Formula	C₅H₁₄NO
CAS Number	62-49-7
Chemical Information	HMDB00097
Biochemical Taxonomy	Carnitines
Functional Taxonomy	Not Available
Nutritional Taxonomy	Not Available
Metabolic Pathways	Glycerophospholipid Metabolism Glycosphingolipid Metabolism
Biofluid Location	Blood Breast Milk Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Saliva Urine
Tissue Location	Bladder Brain Epidermis Fibroblasts Hippocampus Intestine Kidney Liver Muscle Myelin Nerves Neurons Placenta Platelet Prostate Skeletal Muscle Spleen Stratum Corneum Temporal Lobe Testes Thalamus Basal Ganglia
Normal Biofluid Concentrations	Blood: 10.6 +/- 1.9 uM Blood: 27.5 +/- 3.3 uM Blood: 6.0 +/- 0.3 uM Breast Milk: 116 +/- 22 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 3 +/- 1 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 8.3 (7.0-13.0) uM Saliva: >10 uM Urine: 6.3 (0.72-28.5) umol/mmol creatinine
Normal Tissue Concentrations	Not Available
Diseases / Conditions Related to Nutrition	Alzheimer Lung Cancer Spina bifida Vascular Dementia in elderly
Other (Monogenic Disorders)	Endplate acetylcholinesterase deficiency OMIM: 603034 Myasthenic syndrome, congenital, associated with acetylcholine receptor OMIM: 608931
Abnormal Biofluid Concentrations	Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) (Alzheimer): 2.5 +/- 1.0 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) (Spina bifida): 170.0 +/- 70.0 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) (Vascular Dementia in elderly): 1.46 +/- 0.54 uM Urine (Lung Cancer): 3.0 (0.0-8.0) umol/mmol creatinine
Abnormal Tissue Concentrations	Not Available
Physiological Processes	Not Available

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Introduction

guidelines
A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. Choline is now considered to be an essential vitamin. While humans can synthesize small amounts (by converting phosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylcholine), it must be consumed in the diet to maintain health. Required levels are between 425 mg/day (female) and 550 mg/day (male). Milk, eggs, liver and peanuts are especially rich in choline. Most choline is found in phospholipids, namely phosphatidylcholine or lecithin. Choline can be oxidized to form betaine, which is a methyl source for many reactions (i.e. conversion of homocysteine e to methionine). Lack of sufficient amounts of choline in the diet can lead to a fatty liver condition and general liver damage. This arises from the lack of VLDL, which is necessary to transport fats away from the liver. Choline deficiency also leads to elevated serum levels of alanine amino transferase and is associated with increased incidence of liver cancer.