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The NuGOwiki Metabolite Database is a joint initiative of NuGO and HMDB
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All Metabolites | Biochemical | Nutritional | Functional | Metabolic Pathways | Diseases | Phenotypes | Physiological Processes | Protein |
| Cholesterol | |
|---|---|
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| Chemical Name | 10,13 dimethyl 17 (6 methylheptan 2 yl) 2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17 dodecahydro 1H cyclopenta[a]phenanthren 3 ol |
| Chemical Formula | C47H84O2 |
| CAS Number | 57-88-5 |
| Chemical Information | HMDB00067 |
| Biochemical Taxonomy | Sterols |
| Functional Taxonomy | Bile Acid Biosynthesis C21-Steroid Hormone Metabolism |
| Nutritional Taxonomy | Not available |
| Metabolic Pathways | Bile Acid Biosynthesis Biosynthesis of Steroids C21-Steroid Hormone Metabolism |
| Biofluid Location | Urine Bile Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Saliva Blood |
| Tissue Location | All Tissues |
| Normal Biofluid Concentrations | Saliva: <1.00 umol/L Blood: 1300.0 (700.0-1900.0) umol/L Blood: <3360.0 umol/L Blood: <5170.0 umol/L Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 8.32 (7.88-8.76) umol/L Bile: 11500(10000-13000) umol/L Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 12.0 +/- 4.0 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 4.30 (3.90-4.70) umol/L |
| Normal Tissue Concentrations | Not available |
| Diseases / Conditions Related to Nutrition | Gallstone disease Cholesterol stones Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome Gastric cancer |
| Other (Monogenic Disorders) | 3-@hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coa reductase; Hmgcr; HMG-coa reductase; Statins, attenuated cholesterol lowering BY, included OMIM: 142910 Cholesterol pericarditis OMIM: 260900 Smith-lemli-opitz syndrome; SLOS; Slo syndrome; RSH syndrome; Rutledge lethal multiple congenital anomaly syndrome; Polydactyly, sex reversal, renal hypoplasia, and unilobular lung; Lethal acrodysgenital syndrome OMIM: 270400 Wolman disease; Lysosomal acid lipase deficiency; Lipa deficiency; Lal deficiency; Acid cholesteryl ester hydrolase deficiency, wolman type; Cholesterol ester hydrolase deficiency; Cholesterol ester storage disease; CESD; Cholesteryl ester storage disease; Acid cholesteryl ester hydrolase deficiency, type 2; Lipase a, lysosomal acid, included; Lipa, included; Cholesterol ester hydrolase, included OMIM: 278000 Atp-binding cassette, subfamily a, member 1; Abca1; Atp-binding cassette 1; ABC1; Atp-binding cassette transporter 1; Abc transporter 1; Cholesterol efflux regulatory protein; CERP; Coronary heart disease in familial hypercholesterolemia, protection; Against, included OMIM: 600046 Cholesterol level quantitative trait locus on chromosome 13; Cholesterol-lowering factor; CLF OMIM: 604595 High density lipoprotein cholesterol level quantitative trait locus; Hdlcq2; High density lipoprotein cholesterol level quantitative trait locus; On chromosome 8 OMIM: 607053 High density lipoprotein cholesterol quantitative trait locus 3; Hdlcq3 OMIM: 607687 |
| Abnormal Biofluid Concentrations | Bile (Gallstone disease): 13100 (10900-15300) umol/L Bile (Cholesterol stones): 13900 (13100-14700) umol/L Bile (Gastric cancer): 15110 (9860-20360) umol/L Bile (Gallstone disease): 16700 (14100-19300) umol/L Urine (Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome): 1.1 umol/L |
| Abnormal Tissue Concentrations | Not available |
| Physiological Processes | Not available |
| Authors: | |
| Affiliations: |
Contents |
Introduction
guidelines
Cholesterol is a sterol (a combination steroid and alcohol) and a lipid found in the cell membranes of all body tissues, and transported in the blood plasma of all animals. The name originates from the Greek chole- (bile) and stereos (solid), and the chemical suffix -ol for an alcohol, as researchers first identified cholesterol (C27H45OH) in solid form in gallstones in 1784. Cholesterol is transported throughout the body via lipoprotein particles. The largest lipoproteins, which primarily transport fats from the intestinal mucosa to the liver, are called chylomicrons. They carry mostly triglyceride fats and cholesterol (that are from food and especially internal cholesterol secreted by the liver into the bile). In the liver, chylomicron particles give up triglycerides and some cholesterol, and are converted into low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles, which carry triglycerides and cholesterol on to other body cells. In healthy individuals the LDL particles are large and relatively few in number. In contrast, large numbers of small LDL particles are strongly associated with promoting atheromatous disease within the arteries. (Lack of information on LDL particle number and size is one of the major problems of conventional lipid tests.). In conditions with elevated concentrations of oxidized LDL particles, especially small LDL particles, cholesterol promotes atheroma plaque deposits in the walls of arteries, a condition known as atherosclerosis, which is a major contributor to coronary heart disease and other forms of cardiovascular disease. (In contrast, HDL particles have been the only identified mechanism by which cholesterol can be removed from atheroma. Increased concentrations of large HDL particles, not total HDL particles, correlate with lower rates of atheroma progressions, even regression.). There is a world-wide trend to believe that lower total cholesterol levels tend to correlate with lower atherosclerosis event rates (though many studies refute this idea). Due to this reason, cholesterol has become a very large focus for scientific researchers trying to determine the proper amount of cholesterol needed in a healthy diet. However, the primary association of atherosclerosis with cholesterol has always been specifically with cholesterol transport patterns, not total cholesterol per se. For example, total cholesterol can be low, yet made up primarily of small LDL and small HDL particles and atheroma growth rates are high. In contrast, however, if LDL particle number is low (mostly large particles) and a large percentage of the HDL particles are large (HDL is actively reverse transporting cholesterol), then atheroma growth rates are usually low, even negative, for any given total cholesterol concentration. These effects are further complicated by the relative concentration of asymmetric dimethylarginin (ADMA) in the endothelium, since ADMA down-regulates production of nitric oxide, a relaxant of the endothelium. Thus, high levels of ADMA, associated with high oxidized levels of LDL pose a heightened risk factor for vascular disease. -- Wikipedia
Biological Function
Catabolism
Diseases / Conditions Related to Nutrition
- Gallstone disease
- Cholesterol stones
- Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome
- Gastric cancer
Associated decreased protein/metabolite profile
Associated increased protein/metabolite profile
Other (Monogenic) Disorders
- 3-@hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coa reductase; Hmgcr; HMG-coa reductase; Statins, attenuated cholesterol lowering BY, included OMIM: 142910
- Cholesterol pericarditis OMIM: 260900
- Smith-lemli-opitz syndrome; SLOS; Slo syndrome; RSH syndrome; Rutledge lethal multiple congenital anomaly syndrome; Polydactyly, sex reversal, renal hypoplasia, and unilobular lung; Lethal acrodysgenital syndrome OMIM: 270400
- Wolman disease; Lysosomal acid lipase deficiency; Lipa deficiency; Lal deficiency; Acid cholesteryl ester hydrolase deficiency, wolman type; Cholesterol ester hydrolase deficiency; Cholesterol ester storage disease; CESD; Cholesteryl ester storage disease; Acid cholesteryl ester hydrolase deficiency, type 2; Lipase a, lysosomal acid, included; Lipa, included; Cholesterol ester hydrolase, included OMIM: 278000
- Atp-binding cassette, subfamily a, member 1; Abca1; Atp-binding cassette 1; ABC1; Atp-binding cassette transporter 1; Abc transporter 1; Cholesterol efflux regulatory protein; CERP; Coronary heart disease in familial hypercholesterolemia, protection; Against, included OMIM: 600046
- Cholesterol level quantitative trait locus on chromosome 13; Cholesterol-lowering factor; CLF OMIM: 604595
- High density lipoprotein cholesterol level quantitative trait locus; Hdlcq2; High density lipoprotein cholesterol level quantitative trait locus; On chromosome 8 OMIM: 607053
- High density lipoprotein cholesterol quantitative trait locus 3; Hdlcq3 OMIM: 607687