Acetoacetic acid

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Acetoacetic acid
2D structure for Acetoacetic acid
Chemical Name	3-oxobutanoic acid
Chemical Formula	C₄H₆O₃
CAS Number	541-50-4
Chemical Information	HMDB00060
Biochemical Taxonomy	Keto-Acids
Functional Taxonomy	Not Available
Nutritional Taxonomy	Not Available
Metabolic Pathways	Butanoate Metabolism Synthesis and Degradation of Ketone Bodies Valine, Leucine and Isoleucine Degradation
Biofluid Location	Blood Cellular Cytoplasm Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Urine
Tissue Location	Liver Lymphocyte Neurons Spleen Fibroblasts
Normal Biofluid Concentrations	Blood: 21.0 (0.0-86.0) uM Cellular Cytoplasm: 1700 (1500-1900) uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 12 +/- 14 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 26.2 +/- 12.3 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 6.0 +/- 6.0 uM Urine: 33.0(0.00-67.0) umol/mmol creatinine
Normal Tissue Concentrations	Not Available
Diseases / Conditions Related to Nutrition	Anoxia Bacterial meningitis Diabetes Diabetic Ketoacidosis Glucose transporter type 1 deficiency syndrome
Other (Monogenic Disorders)	Succinyl-coa:3-oxoacid coa transferase deficiency OMIM: 245050
Abnormal Biofluid Concentrations	Blood (Diabetic Ketoacidosis): 3030.0 (3010.0-3050.0) uM Cellular Cytoplasm (Anoxia): 1000 (800-1200) uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) (Bacterial meningitis): 322.0 (240.0-404.0) uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) (Glucose transporter type 1 deficiency syndrome): 248 +/- 179 uM Urine (Diabetes): 237.0 umol/mmol creatinine
Abnormal Tissue Concentrations	Not Available
Physiological Processes	Not Available

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Introduction

guidelines
It is a weak organic acid and can be produced in the human liver under certain conditions of poor metabolism leading to excessive fatty acid breakdown (diabetes mellitus leading to diabetic ketoacidosis), it is then partially converted to acetone by decarboxylation and excreted either in urine or through respiration. Persistent mild hyperketonemia is a common finding in newborns. These compounds serve as an indispensable source of energy for extrahepatic tissues, especially the brain and lung of developing rats. Another important function of ketone bodies is to provide acetoacetyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA for synthesis of cholesterol, fatty acids, and complex lipids. During the early postnatal period, acetoacetate (AcAc) and beta-hydroxybutyrate are preferred over glucose as substrates for synthesis of phospholipids and sphingolipids in accord with requirements for brain growth and myelination. Thus, during the first 2 wk of postnatal development, when the accumulation of cholesterol and phospholipids accelerates, the proportion of ketone bodies incorporated into these lipids increases. On the other hand, an increased proportion of ketone bodies are utilized for cerebroside synthesis during the period of active myelination. In the lung, AcAc serves better than glucose as a precursor for the synthesis of lung phospholipids. The synthesized lipids, particularly dipalmityl phosphatidylcholine, are incorporated into surfactant, and thus have a potential role in supplying adequate surfactant lipids to maintain lung function during the early days of life. (PMID 3884391) The acid is also present in the metabolism of those undergoing starvation or prolonged physical exertion as part of gluconeogenesis. When ketone bodies are measured by way of urine concentration, acetoacetic acid, along with beta-hydroxybutyric acid or acetone, is what is detected.