Carnosine

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Carnosine
2D structure for Carnosine
Chemical Name	(2S)-2-(3-aminopropanoylamino)-3-(3H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid
Chemical Formula	C₉H₁₄N₄O₃
CAS Number	305-84-0
Chemical Information	HMDB00033
Biochemical Taxonomy	Peptides
Functional Taxonomy	Not Available
Nutritional Taxonomy	Not Available
Metabolic Pathways	Beta-Alanine Metabolism
Biofluid Location	Blood Urine
Tissue Location	Fibroblasts Intestine Kidney Liver Muscle Neurons Skeletal Muscle Brain
Normal Biofluid Concentrations	Blood: 3.1 +/- 7.5 uM Blood: 6.54 +/- 1.0 umol/L Urine: 0.014-0.032 umol/mmol creatinine Urine: 1.1+/-0.5 umol/mmol creatinine Urine: 3.2 +/- 4.36 umol/mmol creatinine Urine: 3.5 +/- 2.7 umol/mmol creatinine Urine: 4.0 +/- 2.5 umol/mmol creatinine Urine: <6.579 umol/mmol creatinine
Normal Tissue Concentrations	Not Available
Diseases / Conditions Related to Nutrition	Carnosinuria Probable Alzheimer's Disease
Other (Monogenic Disorders)	Not Available
Abnormal Biofluid Concentrations	Blood (Probable Alzheimer's Disease): 3.28 +/- 0.91 uM Urine (Carnosinuria): 56.56-113.1 umol/mmol creatinine
Abnormal Tissue Concentrations	Not Available
Physiological Processes	Not Available

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Introduction

guidelines
Carnosine (beta-alanyl-L-histidine) is found exclusively in animal tissues. Carnosine has the potential to suppress many of the biochemical changes (e.g., protein oxidation, glycation, AGE formation, and cross-linking) that accompany aging and associated pathologies. (PMID 16804013) Carnosine is a dipeptide of the amino acids beta-alanine and histidine. It is highly concentrated in muscle and brain tissues. Some autistics patients take it as a dietary supplement, and attribute an improvement in their condition to it. Supplemental carnosine may increase corticosterone levels. This may explain the "hyperactivity" seen in autistic subjects at higher doses. Carnosine also exhibits some anti-oxidant effects.