Cotinine N-oxide

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Cotinine N-oxide
2D structure for Cotinine N-oxide
Chemical Name	1-methyl-5-(1-oxidopyridin-5-yl)-pyrrolidin-2-one
Chemical Formula	C₁₀H₁₂N₂O₂
CAS Number	36508-80-2
Chemical Information	HMDB01411
Biochemical Taxonomy	Amino Ketones
Functional Taxonomy	Not Available
Nutritional Taxonomy	Not Available
Metabolic Pathways	Not Available
Biofluid Location	Blood Urine
Tissue Location	Liver, Kidneys
Normal Biofluid Concentrations	Blood: 0.000017 +/- 0.000006 uM Urine: 0.24 +/- 0.19 umol/mmol creatinine
Normal Tissue Concentrations	Not Available
Diseases / Conditions Related to Nutrition	Not Available
Other (Monogenic Disorders)	Not Available
Abnormal Biofluid Concentrations	Not Available
Abnormal Tissue Concentrations	Not Available
Physiological Processes	Not Available

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Introduction

guidelines
Cotinine N-oxide is a minor metabolite of nicotine, cotinine formation being the major pathway of nicotine metabolism in smokers. Cotinine N-oxide accounts for less than 5% of the nicotine dose. Cotinine N-oxide can be reduced back to the parent amine in vivo. Nicotine is a naturally occurring alkaloid found in many plants. The principal sources of nicotine exposure are through the use of tobacco, nicotine containing gum and nicotine replacement therapies. Nicotine is an amine composed of pyridine and pyrrolidine rings. It has been shown that nicotine crosses biological membranes and the blood brain barrier easily. The absorbed nicotine is extensively metabolized in the liver to form a wide variety of metabolites including and cotinine N-oxide. Nicotine has been shown to affect a wide variety of biological functions ranging from gene expression, regulation of hormone secretion and enzyme activities. (PMID: 16359169, 15109883)