Copper

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Copper
2D structure for Copper
Chemical Name copper
Chemical Formula Cu
CAS Number 7440-50-8
Chemical Information HMDB00657
Biochemical Taxonomy

  • Minerals and Elements

Functional Taxonomy

  • Coenzyme

Nutritional Taxonomy

  • Minerals

Metabolic Pathways Not Available
Biofluid Location

  • Blood
  • Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
  • Urine

Tissue Location

  • Erythrocyte
  • Hair
  • Intestine
  • Kidney
  • Liver
  • Brain

Normal Biofluid Concentrations

  • Blood: 11.8 (7.5 - 16.1) uM
  • Blood: 14.5 +/- 3.1 uM
  • Blood: 17.0 (10.2 - 29.0) uM
  • Blood: 17.2 (12.7 - 21.6) uM
  • Blood: 20.3 (13.1 - 27.4) uM
  • Blood: 23.7 (11.3 - 27.0) uM
  • Blood: 37.6 (23.6 - 49.9) uM
  • Blood: 4.56 +/- 1.83 uM
  • Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 0.26 (0.24-0.28) uM
  • Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 1.69 +/- 1.54 uM
  • Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 1.7 +/- 1.4 uM
  • Urine: 0.019 (0.0092-0.038) umol/mmol creatinine
  • Urine: 0.025 (0.013-0.044) umol/mmol creatinine

Normal Tissue Concentrations Not Available
Diseases / Conditions Related to Nutrition

  • Alzheimer's Disease
  • Multiple Sclerosis

Other (Monogenic Disorders)

Abnormal Biofluid Concentrations

  • Blood (Alzheimer's Disease): 15.4 +/- 3.9 uM
  • Blood (Multiple Sclerosis): 22.96 +/- 7.64 uM
  • Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) (Alzheimer's Disease): 1.39 +/- 1.02 uM

Abnormal Tissue Concentrations Not Available
Physiological Processes Not Available
Authors:
Affiliations:


Contents

Introduction

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The catalytic activity of copper is used by the enzymes that it is associated with and is thus only toxic when unsequestered and unmediated. This increase in unmediated reactive radicals is generally termed oxidative stress and is an active area of research in a variety of diseases where copper may play an important but more subtle role than in acute toxicity. It is believed that zinc and copper compete for absorption in the digestive tract so that a diet that is excessive in one of these minerals may result in a deficiency in the other. Copper is an essential nutrient to all higher plants and animals. In animals, it is found primarily in the bloodstream, as a cofactor in various enzymes, and in copper-based pigments. In sufficient amounts, copper can be poisonous or even fatal to organisms.

Biological Function

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Catabolism

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Diseases / Conditions Related to Nutrition

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  • Preganant women, 3rd trimester
  • Women using ovulation inhibitors
  • pregnant women
  • Alzheimer's Disease
  • Multiple Sclerosis

Other (Monogenic) Disorders

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Nutritional Information

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Markers of homeostasis and / or health

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Category Markers sign yes/no/? I/D S/I ref score
inflammation, immune response CRP / hsCRP Yes

No

D

-

S & I

I

3

4

3
fibrinogen No 4 3
Albumin  ?
White blood cell count Yes

Yes

Yes

D

D

D

S

S

S

6 (in smokers)

7

18

4
TNF-alpha  ?
Il-6  ?
Il1-beta  ?
Il-10  ?
Prostaglandin F2alpha  ?
Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1)  ?
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)  ?
Thromboxane B2  ?
Nitric Oxide (NO)  ?
Serum Amyloid A (SAA)  ?
NfkB  ?
alpha1-antichymotrypsin  ?
oxidative stress 8(OH)-DG  ?
F2-isoprostanes  ?
8-iso-prostaglandin F2alpha  ?
oxidized LDL Yes

No

D

-

I

I

8 (!)

20

2
SOD No

No

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

Yes

-

-

D

D

-

-

-

D

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

1

2

4

8 (!)

9

14

17

21

3
TBARS  ?
myeloperoxidase  ?
nitrotyrosine Yes D S & I 3  ?
Metabolic stress diastolic BP Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

I

I

D

-

-

-

I

I

S

S

S

S

3

5

6

12

19 (!!)

21

2
systolic BP Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

I

D

D

-

D

-

I

S

S

S

S

S

5 (women)

6 (in smokers)

7

12

18

20 (!!)

2
total cholesterol Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

I

-

D

-

D

D

D

-

S & I

I

S

I

S

S

I

S

3

4

7 (!!!)

8

13 (Cu hair)

11

14 (!!!!)

15

2
LDL Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

I

-

D

D

-

D

S & I

I

S

I

S

S

3

4

11

14

15

18

2
HDL No

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

-

-

I

I

-

I

I

S

S

S

S

S

4

7

10

11

15

18

2
HDL/TC Yes

Yes

D

D

I

S

14

15

4
triglycerides No

Yes

D

D

I

S

14

15

2
homocysteine No - I 2  ?
tPA/PAI-1  ?
Fibrin fragment D-dimer  ?
Factor VIIa No I 4 (Factor VIIc)  ?
sICAM  ?
Monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP1)  ?
fasting glucose Yes

Yes

No

I

I

-

S & I

S

S

3

13

18

4
fasting insulin No - S 18  ?
OGTT  ?
insulin tolerance test  ?
HbA1c  ?
fructosamine  ?
Other parameters Liver enzymes activity No - 1;2;14;16
GSH Yes D I 2
LDL/TG Yes D I 14
RBC oxidation Yes D I (!!!!!) 17
Monocyte DNA damage No 14;16

(!) Corrected only in volumes with lowest Cu intake before supplementation; (!!) but + corrected with urine Cu; (!!!) Measure of serum cholesterol, not total; (!!!!) At high dose only, need further investigation; (!!!!!) At 6 mg only (not at 3 mg)


References

  1. Araya M, Olivares M, Pizarro F, Gonzalez M, Speisky H, Uauy R. Gastrointestinal symptoms and blood indicators of copper load in apparently healthy adults undergoing controlled copper exposure. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;77:646-50.
  2. Araya M, Olivares M, Pizarro F, Mendez MA, Gonzalez M, Uauy R. Supplementing copper at the upper level of the adult dietary recommended intake induces detectable but transient changes in healthy adults. J Nutr 2005;135:2367-71.
  3. Bo S, Durazzo M, Gambino R, et al. Associations of dietary and serum copper with inflammation, oxidative stress, and metabolic variables in adults. J Nutr 2008;138:305-10.
  4. Bugel S, Harper A, Rock E, O'Connor JM, Bonham MP, Strain JJ. Effect of copper supplementation on indices of copper status and certain CVD risk markers in young healthy women. Br J Nutr 2005;94:231-6.
  5. Chiplonkar SA, Agte VV, Tarwadi KV, Paknikar KM, Diwate UP. Micronutrient deficiencies as predisposing factors for hypertension in lacto-vegetarian Indian adults. J Am Coll Nutr 2004;23:239-47.
  6. Di Gioacchino M, Forcucci R, Tiboni GM, Kouri S, Di Gioacchino F, Boscolo P. The influence of menopause and habitual smoking upon serum zinc, serum copper and the cardiovascular and immune parameters of women. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2000;13:91-97.
  7. Ford ES. Serum copper concentration and coronary heart disease among US adults. Am J Epidemiol 2000;151:1182-8.
  8. Jones AA, DiSilvestro RA, Coleman M, Wagner TL. Copper supplementation of adult men: effects on blood copper enzyme activities and indicators of cardiovascular disease risk. Metabolism 1997;46:1380-3.
  9. Kehoe CA, Turley E, Bonham MP, et al. Response of putative indices of copper status to copper supplementation in human subjects. Br J Nutr 2000;84:151-6.
  10. Kromhout D, Wibowo AA, Herber RF, et al. Trace metals and coronary heart disease risk indicators in 152 elderly men (the Zutphen Study). Am J Epidemiol 1985;122:378-85.
  11. Magalova T, Brtkova A, Bederova A, Kajaba I, Puchonova I. Serum copper and zinc in industrial centers in Slovakia. Biol Trace Elem Res 1994;40:225-35.
  12. McKenzie JM, Guthrie BE, Prior IA. Zinc anc copper status of Polynesian residents in the Tokelau Islands. Am J Clin Nutr 1978;31:422-8.
  13. Medeiros D, Pellum L, Brown B. Serum lipids and glucose as associated with hemoglobin levels and copper and zinc intake in young adults. Life Sci 1983;32:1897-904.
  14. Medeiros DM, Milton A, Brunett E, Stacy L. Copper supplementation effects on indicators of copper status and serum cholesterol in adult males. Biol Trace Elem Res 1991;30:19-35.
  15. Neggers YH, Bindon JR, Dressler WW. The relationship between zinc and copper status and lipid levels in African-Americans. Biol Trace Elem Res 2001;79:1-13.
  16. O'Connor JM, Bonham MP, Turley E, et al. Copper supplementation has no effect on markers of DNA damage and liver function in healthy adults (FOODCUE project). Ann Nutr Metab 2003;47:201-6.
  17. Rock E, Mazur A, O'Connor J M, Bonham MP, Rayssiguier Y, Strain JJ. The effect of copper supplementation on red blood cell oxidizability and plasma antioxidants in middle-aged healthy volunteers. Free Radic Biol Med 2000;28:324-9.
  18. Salonen JT, Salonen R, Korpela H, Suntioinen S, Tuomilehto J. Serum copper and the risk of acute myocardial infarction: a prospective population study in men in eastern Finland. Am J Epidemiol 1991;134:268-76.
  19. Taneja SK, Mandal R. Mineral factors controlling essential hypertension--a study in the Chandigarh, India population. Biol Trace Elem Res 2007;120:61-73.
  20. Turley E, McKeown A, Bonham MP, et al. Copper supplementation in humans does not affect the susceptibility of low density lipoprotein to in vitro induced oxidation (FOODCUE project). Free Radic Biol Med 2000;29:1129-34.
  21. Vivoli G, Bergomi M, Rovesti S, Pinotti M, Caselgrandi E. Zinc, copper, and zinc- or copper-dependent enzymes in human hypertension. Biol Trace Elem Res 1995;49:97-106.

Determinants of status

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Category Determinants of status sign yes/no/? help independent of intake yes/no/?
general gender Yes Yes
age (adults) Yes Yes
age (children) Yes  ?
ethnicity  ?  ?
physiological status polymorphisms  ?  ?
pregnancy Yes Yes
lactation  ?  ?
menopause  ?  ?
physical fitness  ?  ?
gut flora  ?  ?
anthropometric variables body weight  ?  ?
BMI  ?  ?
waist circumference  ?  ?
fat free mass  ?  ?
Lifestyle variables smoking Yes Yes
physical activity Yes Yes
alcohol use  ?  ?
medication use (incl. contraceptive pill) Yes Yes
stress Yes Yes

From: Gibson, R.S., Principles of Nutritional Assessment, 2nd Edition, 2005

Other resources

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Links

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