Chondroitin sulfate

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Chondroitin sulfate
2D structure for Chondroitin sulfate
Chemical Name	Chondroitin hydrogen sulfate
Chemical Formula	C₁₃H₂₁NO₁₅S
CAS Number	9007-28-7
Chemical Information	HMDB00580
Biochemical Taxonomy	Not Available
Functional Taxonomy	Not Available
Nutritional Taxonomy	Carbohydrates
Metabolic Pathways	Not Available
Biofluid Location	Blood
Tissue Location	Cartilage Epidermis Fibroblasts Kidney Myelin Nerves Nervous Tissues Neurons Placenta Platelet Prostate Skin Spleen Testes Bladder
Normal Biofluid Concentrations	Blood: 9.58 +/- 2.71 umol/L
Normal Tissue Concentrations	Not Available
Diseases / Conditions Related to Nutrition	Not Available
Other (Monogenic Disorders)	Not Available
Abnormal Biofluid Concentrations	Not Available
Abnormal Tissue Concentrations	Not Available
Physiological Processes	Not Available

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Introduction

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Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a linear heteropolysaccharide consisting of repeating disaccharide units of glucuronic acid and galactosamine, which is commonly sulfated at C-4 and/or C-6 of galactosamine. chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a glycosaminoglycan (GAG) covalently linked to proteins forming proteoglycans (PGs). GAGs are all anionic linear heteropolysaccharide chains of repeating disaccharide units. According to the monosaccharide types and the glycosidic bonds between them, GAGs are divided into (1) hyaluronan, (2) CS and dermatan sulfate (DS), (3) heparan sulfate and heparin, and (4) keratan sulfate. CS was isolated from cartilage in 1884, but the nature of its monosaccharides and structure was first described in 1925. On the basis of the structure of chondroitin sulfate, at least five enzyme activities could be predicted, including three transferases (EC 2.4.1.79, the initiating GalNAc transferase, EC 2.4.1.175, polymerizing GalNAc and EC 2.4.1.17, GlcA transferase) and two sulfotransferases (EC 2.8.2.5, GalNAc 4-sulfotransferase and EC 2.8.2.17, GalNAc 6-sulfotransferase). Additional enzymes exist for epimerization of GlcA, sulfation of the uronic acids, and other patterns of sulfation found in unusual species of chondroitin. chondroitin sulfate assembly can occur on virtually all proteoglycans, depending on the cell in which the core protein is expressed. chondroitin sulfates from different sources vary in the location of sulfate groups. Separation of the products reveals that many types of chondroitin sulfate exist in nature but many chains are hybrid structures containing more than one type of disaccharide. Animal cells also degrade chondroitin sulfate in lysosomes using a series of exoglycolytic activities. (PMID: 167797850)