Chloride

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Chloride
2D structure for Chloride
Chemical Name	dichlorine
Chemical Formula	Cl
CAS Number	16887-00-6
Chemical Information	HMDB00492
Biochemical Taxonomy	Minerals and Elements
Functional Taxonomy	Not Available
Nutritional Taxonomy	Not Available
Metabolic Pathways	Not Available
Biofluid Location	Blood Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Urine
Tissue Location	Not Available
Normal Biofluid Concentrations	Blood: 103200.0 +/- 2640.0 uM Blood: 103700.0 +/- 1900.0 uM Blood: 110000.0 +/- 4500.0 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 0.06 +/- 0.08 uM Urine: 8881.6 (5263.2-17763.2) umol/mmol creatinine
Normal Tissue Concentrations	Not Available
Diseases / Conditions Related to Nutrition	Not Available
Other (Monogenic Disorders)	Bartter syndrome, antenatal, type 2 OMIM: 241200 Cystic fibrosis OMIM: 219700 Dystrophia myotonica 1 OMIM: 160900 Formiminotransferase deficiency OMIM: 229100 Gitelman syndrome OMIM: 263800 Hypertension, essential OMIM: 145500 Hypomagnesemia, primary OMIM: 248250 Myotonia, potassium-aggravated OMIM: 608390 Osteopetrosis, autosomal dominant, type II OMIM: 166600 Pseudohypoaldosteronism, type II OMIM: 145260 Renal tubular acidosis, distal, autosomal dominant OMIM: 179800
Abnormal Biofluid Concentrations	Not Available
Abnormal Tissue Concentrations	Not Available
Physiological Processes	Not Available

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Introduction

guidelines
Chloride is a chemical the body needs for metabolism. It also helps keep the body's acid-base balance. The amount of chloride in the blood is carefully controlled by the kidneys. Chloride ions have important physiological roles. For instance, in the central nervous system, the inhibitory action of glycine and some of the action of GABA relies on the entry of Cl- into specific neurons. Also, the chloride-bicarbonate exchanger biological transport protein relies on the chloride ion to increase the blood's capacity of carbon dioxide, in the form of the bicarbonate ion. Chloride-transporting proteins (CLC) play fundamental roles in many tissues in the plasma membrane as well as in intracellular membranes. CLC proteins form a gene family that comprises nine members in mammals, at least four of which are involved in human genetic diseases. GABA(A) receptors are pentameric complexes that function as ligand-gated chloride ion channels. WNK kinases are a family of serine-threonine kinases that have been shown to play an essential role in the regulation of electrolyte homeostasis, and they are found in diverse epithelia throughout the body that are involved in chloride ion flux Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by alterations in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTCR) gene that result in deranged sodium and chloride ion transport channels. (PMID: 17539703, 17729441, 17562499, 15300163) (For a complete review see Evans, Richard B.. Chlorine: state of the art. Lung (2005), 183(3), 151-167. PMID: 16078037 )