Beta-Alanine

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Beta-Alanine
2D structure for Beta-Alanine
Chemical Name	3-aminopropanoic acid
Chemical Formula	C₃H₇NO₂
CAS Number	107-95-9
Chemical Information	HMDB00056
Biochemical Taxonomy	Amino Acids
Functional Taxonomy	Not Available
Nutritional Taxonomy	Not Available
Metabolic Pathways	Alanine and Aspartate Metabolism Bile Acid Biosynthesis Butanoate Metabolism Fatty Acid Metabolism Glycerolipid Metabolism Glycolysis Lysine Degradation Pantothenate and CoA Biosynthesis Propanoate Metabolism Pyruvate Metabolism Valine, Leucine and Isoleucine Degradation
Biofluid Location	Blood Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Urine
Tissue Location	Muscle Pancreas Placenta Kidney
Normal Biofluid Concentrations	Blood: 1.76 +/- 0.74 uM Blood: 3.00 +/- 0.85 uM Blood: 3.8 +/- 2.9 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 0.024 +/- 0.013 uM Urine: 2.4 +/- 3.0 umol/mmol creatinine
Normal Tissue Concentrations	Not Available
Diseases / Conditions Related to Nutrition	Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) deficiency
Other (Monogenic Disorders)	Not Available
Abnormal Biofluid Concentrations	Blood (Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) deficiency): 2.7 +/- 1.3 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) (Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) deficiency): 0.036 +/- 0.034 uM Urine (Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) deficiency): 1.4 +/- 1.4 umol/mmol creatinine
Abnormal Tissue Concentrations	Not Available
Physiological Processes	Not Available

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Introduction

guidelines
An amino acid formed in vivo by the degradation of dihydrouracil and carnosine. It is a component of the naturally occurring peptides carnosine and anserine and also of pantothenic acid (Vitamin B-5) which itself is a component of coenzyme A. Under normal conditions, beta-alanine is metabolized into acetic acid. Since neuronal uptake and neuronal receptor sensitivity to beta-alanine have been demonstrated, the compound may be a false transmitter replacing gamma-aminobutyric acid. A rare genetic disorder, hyper-beta-alaninemia, has been reported.

Biological Function

guidelines
The pyrimidines cytosine and uracil from DNA and RNA are degraded to beta-alanine. Beta-alanine can become elevated in plasma due to enzyme deficiency, dietary intake, intestinalmicrobial overgrowth, or high turnover of muscle tissue. Beta-alanine is released from skeletal muscle during strenuous excersize and it occurs in food mainly as carnosine in red meats or anserine in poultry. Vitamin B6 deficiency causes lowered levels of the enzymes that degrade beta-alanine, resulting in high urinary excretion. High beta-alanine is frequently associated with generalized beta-aminoaciduria and cocomitant loss of other amino acids (e.g. taurine) due to impairment of renal tubular resorption. High levels of beta-alanine are frequently accompanied by increases in 1- and 3-methyl histidine, carnosine, and anserine. From: laboratory evaluations in molcular medicine, nutrients, toxicants and cell regulators, 2005, J. Alexander Bralley and Richard S. Lord, ISBN 0-9673949-3-7